Pressure To Use Steroids Essay examples - 859 Words

We all have seen a bodybuilders physic, whether it was in a magazine, the media, or in the gym. As we despise their freakish look we still wish that we had a body like them. But the reason we don’t look like that is because we know that the long term effects of steroids in will damage our bodies. Steroids have been a common use throughout human history since 1889. The fact that it’s illegal doesn’t seem to bother many users. Generations today are more reliant on this drug for various reasons, without realizing the consequences and long term effects that can result. Steroids are a way of cheating to reach your goals. Steroids are addictive, and over a short period of time they destroy the liver as well as the kidneys, affect personalities,†¦show more content†¦Steroids can be taken in numerous ways, they can be taken by injection, rubbing on the skin, or just taking a small pill form. The results of taking steroids can be quite dangerous or worse fatal. All anabolic steroid use that is not regulated properly nor properly prescribed by a licensed physician is often known as abusing steroids. Steroids contain very powerful hormones that can be extremely dangerous. They can cause numerous amounts of health problems, and some which could have long term ramifications. Today it is very common to over use steroids. Body building is a prime example of steroid abuse. All of the following are effects from abusing steroids. Firstly the common side effect is acne. Steroid acne is a skin condition that follows the use of hormones. For the most part acne usually occurs on the chest, but, it can also occur on the bum, neck, arms, and even on the back. Many adults and teens who take moderate or high doses of steroids way over a seven week period become more pronged to catching steroid acne. The average acne that we are use to is nothing like steroid acne. The acne resulted by abusing steroids often occur as fairly large and red bumps, that cause extreme itchiness, and are often pustular. The second most common effect is problems in the organs. Steroids conflict with just about every organ in our body, but the most common organs are problems with the liver and heart. Steroids can be very dangerous to the liver especially when taken in aShow MoreRelatedSteroids And Its Effects On Sports781 Words   |  4 Pagesheard people use terms such as â€Å"roiding†, â€Å"doping†, and â€Å"juicing†. These terms refer to using steroids. With the benefits of steroid use, comes major health issues. As a result of steroid use, there has been an increase of physical irregularities and stunted growth. Steroids have a negative reputation due to past events involving health issues and cheating in sports. Steroids can be taken a few different ways, such as injection or ingestion. There are also countless types of steroids that come inRead MoreAnabolic Steroids And Its Effects On The Growth Of Muscle Essay1137 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract An anabolic steroid is a synthetic steroid hormone that resembles testosterone in promoting the growth of muscle (NIDA 2004). Many athletes for difference reason use Anabolic Steroids and risk the potential of causing bodily harm/medical issues. There are many anabolic, androgenic effects, and risks. When you continue to negatively use this kind of drug to succeed life threatening consequences come into effect. ..(needs more context ) â€Æ' Introduction In many states and surrounding countriesRead MoreAnabolic Steroids Should Be Banned Essay1118 Words   |  5 PagesAn anabolic steroid is a synthetic steroid hormone that resembles testosterone in promoting the growth of muscle (NIDA 2004). Anabolic Steroids are taken by many athletes, whether male or female and can harm the body. There are many anabolic, androgenic effects, and risks. When you continue to negatively use this kind of drug to succeed life threatening consequences come into effect. ..(needs more context ) â€Æ' Introduction In many states and surrounding countries athletes are using what are labeledRead MoreAnabolic Steroids Should Be Banned1348 Words   |  6 PagesSteroids, more specifically anabolic steroids, are drugs that can be legally prescribed or taken illegally, to boost strength and increase athletic performance. They are based off of the hormone testosterone. On the street where the drug is sold illegally, the common slang names are â€Å"arnolds†, â€Å"gym candy†, â€Å"pumpers†, â€Å"roids†, â€Å"stackers†, â€Å"weight trainers†, and â€Å"juice†. Steroids have a long, long history, especially in regards to sporting events. Anabolic steroids were not really used worldwide untilRead MorePerformance Enhancing Drug Abuse1511 Words   |  7 PagesPartnership for Drug – Free Kids, more than five percent of teens use performance enhancing drugs, or steroids increase muscle. Performance enhancing drug abuse creates addiction, the mental tension and pressure that coaches and peers bring to inferior athletes this draws teens and athletes to engage in these products, further encouraging teens to partake in the use of performance enhancing drugs, with long-term and short-term use leading to insufferable effects, like kidney failure, depression andRead MoreThe Use Of Steroid Use Used On Recreational Activities910 Words   |  4 PagesThe use of steroids in recreational activities has many consequences on those who take the risk and use steroids. The writer of this paper takes a stand against the use of steroids because of the ma ny negative aspects of them. Steroids have a very great number of physical and mental repercussions. Steroids come in different ways, and each has a different purpose, just as each has a different repercussion. After examining this paper, readers should be more informed about the life threatening risksRead MoreThe Negative Effects of Steroid Use754 Words   |  3 PagesSteroids can affect an athlete’s physical health. Developing breasts from steroid use is very common. Breasts develop because when high doses of steroids are used for prolonged periods, they shut down certain hormones such as testosterone. Studies show that estrogen is what causes breast tissue growth; progesterone needs to be available in order to keep breast size down. Shrunken testicles can also occur because when a person uses steroids, they introduce a new hormone from outside their body atRead MoreEssay about Consequences of Performance Enhancing Drugs1509 Words   |  7 Pageshis back and shoulders, up per body muscle mass, weight gain, and uncontrollable rage and irrational, Rob continued to hold back his use on performance enhancing drugs. His parents did not suspect any abuse at first because Rob always determined about not wanting to jeopardize his mental capacity and health. The first time his parent’s learned about him taking steroids was when he went into the hospital for his first admission. Rob was put into a three nine week cycle in a period of two years. TheRead MoreThe Effects Of Drug Abuse On Sports779 Words   |  4 Pagesin sports. I have found many topics to talk about and the first one I have chosen to write about is steroids in sports. I wanted to choose this topic because I’m a very athletic person myself and I thought that this topic is perfect for me, I found my research on www.health.ny.gov/publications/1210/ and from here this is how I got all my information from. Many athletes now a days are taking steroids, why is that? Is it to make a squad, or impress a member of the opposite sex? There really isn tRead MoreGood Looks Over Health? Essay1541 Words   |  7 Pages Good Looks over Health? What exactly is an anabolic steroid? It is a performing enhancement drug that increases the levels of testosterone and growth of skeletal muscles in the body (Gething 235). It seems like everyone’s dream drug, right? If a person takes this, they will become enormous and look as good as they always dreamed of. But what most people did not know is that steroids cause a lot of damage to the body as well. Not only do they harm a person physically, but they confuse them psychologically

Market Structure Analysis in Tanzania - 5537 Words

Market structures Analysis- Term Paper INTRODUCTION Generally the concept of market structures can be essential to marketing and economics. Both emphasize the environment in which these companies operate and its importance it has on strategic decision making. Economics is more concerned about the degree of market competition and the pricing strategies of these firms. Marketing, on the other hand, concentrates its focus on consumer behaviour. Basically there are four major market structures – perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, duopoly and monopoly. Market Structures categorize companies based on different characteristics like the number of sellers in the overall market, the kind of product, market share,†¦show more content†¦Simultaneously with the industrialization, the development of industry, capital investment and increased productivity and know how the first barriers to entry were established. However, these were still relatively low as the process of industrialization was still in its early stages. Also increased international trade and increased interdependence took place, due to growing demand for natural resources, such as coal and oil. Hence a shift in the factors of production took place. Before the factors of production were mainly based on human and natural resources, afterwards physical resources in form of industry add on to this. Thus the high degree of sovereignty co uld not be sustained anymore, and the belief in the mercantilist idea started to erode. Nearly two decades after they were introduced structural adjustment policies continue to dominate public policy agenda in most African countries. In Tanzania structural adjustment programs dates back to early 980s following a period of sustained deterioration in social and economic conditions. A combination of internal and external factors contributed to systematic decline in manufacturing output and competitiveness. The stage of oligopolyShow MoreRelatedBuilding A Department Of Natural Resources And Environmental Management1143 Words   |  5 Pagesdevelopment initiatives in post-conflict Liberia. The views of these participants, particularly those from Liberia, will also set the structure of the Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management. This data will also be used to determine whether or not it is plausible to establish such a department in Liberia. I will travel to Liberia, Guinea, and/or Tanzania using Guinea’s co-management of forest resources as a case study or Tanzania’s forest conservation group’s strategies that were usedRead MoreThe Organizational Structure Of Gtbank International Organization1274 Words   |  6 Pages Organization Structure GTBank is structured as a multi-divisional and partially decentralized organization; see Exhibit 2 for organizational structure chart. Accordingly, each geographical region would be headed by a divisional head, which would be required to operate with a degree of autonomy over that region. All such divisional managers would report directly to the Managing Director, who in turn reports to the Board of Directors. Further down the line, each geographical region is sub-dividedRead MoreConsumer Rights Protection Policies And Consumer Protection Policy Essay3437 Words   |  14 PagesIn Tanzania consumer rights protection came during the era of low commodity production, consumers faced a problems in terms of goods that were imported and exported, hence it became necessary to have laws to protect the consumers. It is vivid that consumer protection goes hand in hand with the laws on competition. There is feasible convergence linking the objectives of competition policy and consumer protection policy . But that does not mean consumer protection should be disregarded. Market playersRead MoreAnalysis of the General Environement of Bakhresa Group of Companies4003 Words   |  17 PagesSYNOPSIS This report looks at the market forces involved in the influence of the Bakhresa Group of Companies expansion in the East African region and beyond. The report considers the position of the company in relation to its environment at this current time and offers possible solutions to its growth possibilities. It has grown out of the need for a strategic look of the company at this time of global change and seeks to find out what the position of the company will be in the future. 1.0 INTRODUCTIONRead Moreunemployment Insurance policy2255 Words   |  10 Pagespeople around the globe, the situation has forced various countries to either formulate or adopt some policies to rectify the issue. The magnitude of the issue has practically depicted in the research conducted in 2012 by African Economic Outlook in Tanzania, the study which aimed at assessing various programs and policies in various sectors and their contribution to Gross Domestic Product, in improving economy, and unemployment reduction. According to African Economic Outlook 2012 unemployment is becomingRead MoreCan Banana Value Chain Help Eliminate Hunger in Uganda and Tanzania?2510 Words   |  11 PagesIn this study we assess the potential role that the banana value chain can play in reducing poverty and eliminating hunger among rural and urban poor in Uganda and Tanzania. We provide a comprehensive analysis of banana consumption and productivity in the two countries and we scope the challenges and opportunities for providing more efficient and enhanced production and marketing focusing on smallholder enterprises along the commodity value chain. To undertake this study we extensively reviewedRead MoreMichael Poters Frame Work2560 Words   |  11 PagesMobile phone Industry of Tanzania 1 2.0 .PORTER’S FIVE FORCES FRAMEWORK MODEL, PFFF 1 2.1. Degree of rivalry among existing firms. 2 2.2. Threat of substitute Products or Service. 3 2.3. Threats of new entrants 4 2.4 Bargaining power of buyers/Customers. 5 2.5. Bargaining power of Suppliers 5 2.6. Mapping the Porter’s Five Forces Model in the Mobile Industry in TANZANIA. 5 3.0. CONCLUSION. 7 4.0.REFERENCE 8 ABSTRACT The Mobile Phone industry of Tanzania has been growing veryRead MoreComparative Analysis of Commercial Banks Liquidity Position: the Case of Tanzania4861 Words   |  20 Pageswww.ccsenet.org/ijbm International Journal of Business and Management Vol. 7, No. 10; May 2012 134 ISSN 1833-3850 E-ISSN 1833-8119 Comparative Analysis of Commercial Banks Liquidity Position: The Case of Tanzania Xuezhi Qin1 Dickson Pastory1 1 School of Business Management, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China Correspondence: Dickson Pastory, School of Business Management, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China. Tel: 86-188-4268-6991. E-mail: passtory1@yahoo.co.uk Read MoreStrategic Corporate Communication in Vodacom2673 Words   |  11 PagesStrategic Corporate Communication is supported by a detailed research plan. Corporate communication is now making its entrance in Tanzania though it claims historical links to the field of Public Relations. The core functions of corporate communications are more similar to those of Public Relations though they differ a bit. This paper is going to examine the Vodacom Tanzania company, to see how they implement Strategic corporate communication techniques and make the company the so successful in mobileRead MoreSub Saharan African Countries Have Experienced Macro Economic Growth3429 Words   |  14 Pageseconomic growth. The growth rate per annum averaged 5.2% over the past decade between 2000 and 2011 (Kulundu, 2013). The growth rate has outpaced Middle East, Latin America and Eastern Europe after being the slowest growing region for many years. In Tanzania, the growth rate averaged 6.8% from 2005 to 2011. It was ranked 1st in East Africa and 8th in sub Saharan Africa. In 2014 the GDP was expected to grow by 7.2% and continue growing at annual averaged rate of 7.7% in medium term (MOF, 2014). Ifzal

The Impact of Climate Change Free Essays

In the last few years there has been a lot of attention given to the problem of climate change. Usually we only hear vague ideas about how the Earth is heating up, how we are all going to die and that we are to blame. However climate change is a natural process that experts have said has been sped up by human activity, for example, industrial activities, vehicles and machines producing gases like carbon dioxide and methane. We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of Climate Change or any similar topic only for you Order Now These gases are damaging because of how the Sun’s rays heat up the Earth. The rays from the Sun enter the atmosphere, hitting the Earth’s surface with most being reflected back without heating up the Earth at all. The ones that are absorbed by the sea and the ground are reflected back as infrared rays therefore heating up the Earth. However as more CO2 and other â€Å"greenhouse gases† are pumped into the atmosphere, fewer and fewer of the Sun’s rays are reflected away, hence the rising temperatures. Although there is debate over the largest contributor to the climate change problem that is not my focus for this essay. In this essay I intend to show how climate change would affect the world’s water; that is to say 70% of the Earth’s surface. The most talked about point in the media about the effect of climate change on water is the sea level. This is because as the Earth heats up the seas and oceans will absorb a lot of the heat causing the water molecules to expand and the sea level to rise. Another possible factor that contributes to the rising sea levels is the melting of the glaciers, ice shelves and ice sheets and this has another effect. As there is less and less ice to reflect back the sun’s rays as ice reflects back 90% of the light that hits it while water absorbs the same percentage, this speeds up the warming of the earth even more and as more and more ice melts the problem worsens. There are many inter-linking consequences to the rising sea levels and of global warming. Droughts, floods and even the danger of the Gulf Stream, the warm water current that heats up our region, shutting down. The idea of flooding because of rising sea levels is self-explanatory. As there is more water, rivers, lakes and streams could break their banks and flood. The possibility of the Gulf Stream shutting down is more complicated and will have a much more lasting effect. The Gulf Stream works through a mixture of wind, water salinity and temperature, the shape of the ocean floor and the Earth’s rotation. As temperatures continue to fall and more sea ice melts, this adds more fresh water to the Atlantic, reducing the salinity of the water. As there is less dense and less salty water, the Gulf Stream slows down. As it does slow down and weaken it will become more and more unstable and more likely to shut down altogether, lowering temperatures in our region by up to 9oC. Fortunately there are things we can do to help the climate change problem. Saving energy lowers the amount of fossil fuels that are needed to produce that energy and the less coal, oil and gas being burned in power plants, the lower the emissions of carbon dioxide. Saving energy can be a simple matter, such as switching off lights when you leave a room, having showers instead of baths, and turning down central heating systems, even 1oC can save up to 10% on energy bills. One of the most effective ways of helping is properly insulating your home as this reduces the energy needed to heat your home. The second most important greenhouse gas, methane is produced by landfill waste, which comprises 90% of the UK’s sixteen million tonnes of waste each year. If we recycle more and more of this waste then there is less need to mine for raw materials and less methane being produced as there is less landfill waste. Two hundred years ago, if we produced the same amount of carbon dioxide as we did now, it probably would not have had any major effect, as there was not the same level as deforestation. The reason this would have made a difference is because trees take in carbon dioxide and produce oxygen. Although the effects of climate change won’t be felt for years, we owe it to the future generations to save, if not our planet, our way of life. How to cite The Impact of Climate Change, Papers

Hemophilia Essay Example For Students

Hemophilia Essay IntroductionHemophilia is a rare genetic blood clotting disorder that primarily affects males. People living with hemophilia do not have enough of, or are missing, one of the blood clotting proteins naturally found in blood. Two of the most common forms of hemophilia are A and B. In persons with hemophilia A (also called classic hemophilia), clotting factor VIII is not present in sufficient amounts or is absent. In persons with hemophilia B (also called Christmas disease), clotting factor IX is not present in sufficient amounts or is absent. People with hemophilia do not bleed more profusely or bleed faster than normal; they bleed for a longer period of time. Virtually all people who have hemophilia A or B are born with it. The majority of people with hemophiliahave a family history (it is a hereditary disorder). In as many as 30% of cases, there is no family history of hemophilia. In these cases, the mother may not be aware that she carries the gene for hemophilia, or a gene mutation may have occurred spontaneously. A long historyHemophilia was identified as early as biblical times. Doctors in medieval times were familiar with it as well. In 1803, a Philadelphia doctor published the first description of hemophilia in the United States. But it was not until 30 years later that hemophilia became widely recognized. Hemophilia laterdeveloped a reputation as the royal disease because it passed from Queen Victoria of England to her descendants throughout the royal houses of Europe. Who Gets Hemophilia?Hemophilia occurs when the gene to produce clotting factor does not work correctly. Without the proper amount of clotting factor, bleeding occurs easily. Hemophilia is an inherited disorder in about two thirds of the cases. About one third ofthe cases of hemophilia occur due to spontaneous changes in the gene or mutations. The presence of a mutated gene may not be noted until a woman with no family history of hemophilia has a son with the disorder. The gene for hemophilia is carried on the X chromosome. The gene for hemophilia isalso recessive. This is why hemophilia is referred to as an X-linked recessive disorder. If there is not a normal gene present to offset the defective, recessive gene, thedisorder will be present. Whether or not a child will have hemophilia or be a carrier forthe disorder depends on the status of the mother and of the father. The figure belowshows how this type of disorder is inherited. Males have an X chromosome and an Y chromosome. The X chromosome comes fromthe mother and the Y chromosome comes from the father. If the mother has adefective gene, the sons chance of having hemophilia is 50%, depending on which Xchromosome is inherited. A son cannot inherit the disorder from his father, even if thefather has hemophilia. Females have two X chromosomes. One X chromosome comes from the mother andone comes from the father. All daughters of men with hemophilia will be carriers. Carriers rarely have the disorder but are able to pass the defective gene to theiroffspring. The daughter also has a 50% chance of becoming a carrier if the mother is acarrier, depending on which X chromosome is inherited. In most cases, one of the daughters two X chromosomes is normal. Most femaleswith a gene for hemophilia do not have symptoms of the disorder because a normalgene offsets any problems caused by the one that is defective. In some cases,however, the normal gene cannot offset the problem completely and the female willhave low factor levels. When factor levels are low, the female can show symptoms ofhemophilia such as excessive menstrual bleeding and excessive bleeding afterchildbirth, surgery and dental work. Hemophilia occurs in about 1 of every 7,500 males. Of these, about 90% of cases areFactor VIII Deficiency (Hemophilia A) and 9% are Factor IX Deficiency (Hemophilia B). About 1% of hemophilia cases is due to deficiencies of Factor XI, X, VII or V. What are the Symptoms of Hemophilia?Hemophilia is a disorder of the blood clotting system. Because blood does not clotwhen it should, patients experience frequent and excessive bleeding. The degree towhich bleeding occurs depends in part on the severity of the disorder. Patients canhave severe, moderate or mild hemophilia. A hallmark of severe hemophilia is spontaneous bleeding. In these cases, bleedingoccurs without any recognizable trauma. Bleeding can occur in any part of the body. However, spontaneous bleeds are unusual in the joints of the fingers, wrists, feet andspine. Spontaneous bleeds are most common in the knees, ankles, elbows andshoulders. Repeated bleeding into the joints is called hemarthrosis. - Philosophy Free Term Papers, Book Reports,s, And Research EssayPlatelet count: This test counts the number of blood platelets. This test is normal forpatients with hemophilia. Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT): This test diagnoses problems withFactor VIII and Factor IX. Almost 100% of patients with severe and moderate FactorVIII deficiency can be diagnosed with an APTT. Diagnosis of mild cases variesdepending on the type of materials used in testing the blood sample. Most carrierscannot be diagnosed with an APTT. The test measures the length of time that it takesfor a blood clot to form. The activated partial thromboplastin time is longer than normalfor patients with Factor VIII Deficiency (Hemophilia A) and Factor IX Deficiency(Hemophilia B). Factor assay: This is the most exact test to diagnose the type of hemophilia. A factorassay can distinguish between a Factor VIII deficiency and a Factor IX deficiency. Adding normal serum to the patients serum will correct the abnormal APTT test resultfor Factor IX deficiency. Adding normal plasma to the patients serum will correct theabnormal APTT test result for Factor VIII deficiency. How Blood ClotsTo understand inhibitors, it helps to know how blood normally clots. When blood starts to flow out of a damaged blood vessel, the process is called coagulation. Coagulation is the bodys way of sealing a leak. The seal, or clot, consists of red and white blood cells and platelets, which cling to threadlike material called fibrin. Tweleve clotting factors must work in sequence to produce wnough fibrin to make a strong clot. The coagulation process can be compared to a domino effect(figure 1) . Each clotting factor in the blood must activate the next one in the series in order to form a clot. When there is an insufficient amount of any one of these cloting factors, the process stops permatuerly, interrupting the production of fibrin. In most people with Hemophilia, replacement clotting factor can compensate for the deficient clotting factor, enabling the clotting process to continue. For people with inhibitors, replacement factor may be inactivated befor it ahs a chance to work. Antihemophilic FactorAnitemophilic factor (human) Method M monoclonal purified monarc-M is a sterile, nonpyogenic, dried preparation of anti hemophilic factor( factorVIII, factorVIII:C AHF) in concentrated form with a specific activity rang of 2 to 15 AHF international units/mg of total protein. When reconstituted with the appropriate volume of diluent, it contains approximatly 12.5 mg/ml Albumin(human), 1.5 mg/ml polythylene glyo; (3350), 0.055 M histidine and 0.03 M glycine as stabilizing agents. In the absencs of the addes Albumin(human), the specific activity is approximately 2,000 AHF internationsl Units/mg of proteain. It also contains, per AHF international Units, not more tahn 0.1 ng mouse protein, 18 ng organic solvent (tri-n-butyl phosphate) and 50 ng detergent (octoxynol 9)Monarc-M is perpared by the method M process from pooled human plasma by immunoaffinity chromatography utilizing a murine monoclonal antibody to factor VIII:C, flollowed by an ion exchane chromatographc step for further purification. Monarc-M also includesan organic solvent (tri-n-butyl phosphate) and detergent (octoxynol 9) virus inactivation step designed to reduce the risck of transmiting of hepatitis and other viral disases. However, no procedure has been shown to be totally effictive in removing the viral infectivity fron coagulation factor products. Monarc-M can ONLY be administered intravenosly and takes approxmiatly 12-14 hours befor the factor begins to work and the cloting factor in the blood is brought up. After 24-28 hours after that the factor is wiped out of the blood, befor this time the Factor is leaving the blood it is at this time that ALL of the factor is gone, and the person rezooms there blood cloting factor in there blood. Factor Survivla RateClotting factor normally circulaes at constant levels in the blood and only works when an injury occurs. Whne clotting factor replacmnet is given with factor concentrate, fresh frozen Plasma or cryoperecipitate, the factor only survives for a short time. Its different for every Hemophiliac. Your hemotologist can find out by doing a test called a factor Survivlal or Recovery. For factor VIII, Half of the dose given will be used up in 4 Hours, in another 8, it will again be reduced by half and so on untill it is all used up. Factor IX, given as plasma or factor IX concentrate, usually last a littal longer. Factor survival studies are not usually needed for everyday treatment, but befor major surgery we ofen ike patients to be tested. Blood samples are draw befor and after the administration of the clotting factor. this helps us decide on the dose of factore necessary for control of bleeding following surgery. Words/ Pages : 2,242 / 24

Title Smile More Essay Example For Students

Title: Smile More Essay General purpose: To persuadeSpecific Purpose: To persuade my fellow classmates the good benefits of smiling and to smile more. Thesis: Smiling makes people more attractive, it may brighten up another persons day and it may also reduce stress. Attention Step:A smile cost nothing, but creates much. It enriches those who receive, without impoverishing those who give. It happens in a flash and the memory of it sometimes last forever. -Dale CarnegieFirst, smiling makes people more attractive. We will write a custom essay on Title: Smile More specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now According to Health and Fitness writer Jennipher Walters, smiling makes you more attractive because people usually look their best when smiling and happy!Also, on the same article Walter states that smiling makes you look younger because it gives your face a natural uplift. Smile More!Second, a smile can change another persons state. According to sunwarrior.com smiling can change another persons mood from positive energy and it is also contagious. Smile More!Moreover, smiling changes your mood. According to bodyandsoul.com smiling reduces stress and can also change your mood. Also stated, psychologists have found if you grin for 60 seconds no matter how fake or forced it feels, it releases serotonin (a compound present in blood platelets and serum that constricts the blood vessels and act as a neurotransmitter) which tricks the body into making you feel happy again. Smile More!In conclusion, an easy facial expression called smiling can benefit you in many positive ways! As I stated before, it makes you more attractive, it can brighten up another persons day, and it can also reduce stress. If you dont remember anything else Ive said please remember to smile. I promise it will benefit you in so many ways that you dont know. Less frowning more smiling. Need Step: Nicotine is thousand times more potent than alcohol and 5-10 times more powerful than cocaine or morphine. It is one of the most addictive of all drugs. Referenceshttp://www.sunwarrior.com/news/15-health-bnefits-of-smiling/ http://www.sparkpeople.com/resource/wellness_articles.asp?id=1529 HYPERLINK http://www.bodyandsoul.com.au/sex+relationships/wellbeing/ten+reasons+to+smile,10763%20%20 http://www.bodyandsoul.com.au/sex+relationships/wellbeing/ten+reasons+to+smile,10763

Marx and Hegels Works Review Essays

Marx and Hegels Works Review Essays Marx and Hegels Works Review Essay Marx and Hegels Works Review Essay Review by Zaline: The idea of end of history is fallible construction and let examine historical change of the material world. The one the early driving forces of the end of history, Karl Marx and Friedrich Hegel. Marx argues for the communist utopia as definitive answer to sort out all prior contradiction. Historical development goes through a dialectical process with beginning and middle, and end original belong to Hegel. Marx theory was never realized fully but, it was good opponent of liberal democracy. There some aspect of Marx theory I would agree with such as the state as welfare institution. I don’t be there will every a classless society in the world. In contrast, Hegel’s doctrine suggest that history is product of mankind, â€Å"progressed through a series of primitive stages of consciousness on his path to the present, and that these stages corresponded to concrete forms of social organization, such as tribal, slave-owning, theocratic, and finally democratic-egalitarian societies, has become inseparable from the modern understanding of man. † These ideas are very similar but different that Hegel’s believes that history to ends; when rational form of society and state became victorious. To elaborate Hegel’s concept history better much end a more specific date in 1806 at the time of the battle of Jena. State took a transformation Monarch to a revolution which sought to be the vanguard of humanity. The defeat in essence is the measure of the leap of power to hand of the people and realize liberalism as precursor for human civilization to exist. Hence, this stage of human history mandates states to flow a liberal value which is the â€Å"universal homogenous state† which allows for all the prior contradiction to be concluded and all desire of mankind are met. Clearly this implies that human are satisfied to and there is no need for conflict of ideas to exist in the larger since because it has been all worked out. In Hegel’s view, ideas are essential different entity which material world doesn’t conform. Perhaps, the material world operates ideological explicit forces that are impugned in the example of the gun which consciously motives the launch of projectile when human needs are not met. These ideas that drive these human needs are share collective desires imbedded almost innate like culture. These collectivism manifests to shape events of material world as safeguard step from events in the pasts, in history. Marx merges the material world and ideal world as super imposed superstructure. Its all determine by mode of production on which these collectively are share from nationality, culture, political and etc. Fukuyama focuses on the class issue of as impeding forces that could disable the cohesion of the Hegelian perspective of liberalism. The end of history and remarkable stages we are in today to weed out larger contradiction. These are the little difference that distinguishes as from one another as simple as food we eat. In contrast, Stigler focuses nationalism and institution that embodied the western idea to transform the developing world. Here particular he speaks of the IMF, World Bank which hinder developing countries abilities realize western democracy. The interject points of these are the important of ideas and their implementations in the world stage. The emphasis lies with mindset and how ideas take rook in the material world. People that run these institutions are only concern with the immediate crunch of number rather than the other effect they trigger such social safe nets reducing poverty might increase world productivity. There is lagging in social norms of capitalism that cases the scopes of realties and how we perceive it. That Stigler points that the IMF and World Bank needs to reform in how they do business with non-western nations. These institutions are the lenders of last resort for any developing world. There is a sort of double dealing and bias toward nonwestern nations. Internationals institution has shift from their core principle of center approach and the way they have been design to operate. One, they place large burden on developing countries to liberalize their economy and offer stringent regulations on debt they hold. These expectations most of time force countries to experience more turmoil upsetting social standards. The prescribe solutions intervene the way domestic market operates. These countries become subject to abject poverty. Financial interest and commercial interest are the main motivators of these institutions. The author is saying these institutions a necessary although inefficient to large respect. The question he poses is if, we are to demolish these institution other similar organization will fill the vacancy. As an insider of these institutions, he calls for reform and advocates for changing the mindset of the hierarchy we import decisions that effect day to day life. But on the flip side developing world see’s this institution as of agent of the more developed countries. For any of the developing countries to adapt the Washington consensus as whole could be political and social suicide for the country. The remedies to reform are in seven key areas as Stigler puts it. Firs, that companies in west must accept dangers of capitalism that comes from liberalize markets. Those nations whose companies decide engage in FDI should market risk and circumstance. The higher risk you a companies decides to access the big both failure and rewards will be. Therefore, intervene on behalf of your national companies is wrong to procure leverage for them. Secondly, Bankruptcy reforms and standstills create moral hazard that trickles down to economy. Defaulting on pay is not something that happens on its own. The message here is don’t give loans to people who are less likely to pay back. If you lend money and will be used solely for the purpose of consummation then there is problem and immediate corrective action is needed. Thirdly, there should be less reliance on bailouts. There is misuse of bailouts in subsidiary or financial sectors in developed world. IMF tells to the developing world subsidiary are bad but, another hands western companies are being rescue by the same institutions. There is mindboggling message that contradicts the persuasions of these institutions. We need a level plain field to realize free market values that these institution are trying to instill developing countries. Fifth point, we need to revisit and improve the banking regulations that contribute to bad lending practices. The currently situation of packing loans and selling to investor pose threat to the integrity of sound market. We need fail safe to manage moral hazard that nearly eat the world economy today. Sixth points of reform, is the need to improve risk management in the volatile markets such exchange rate markets.

Management of change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Management of change - Essay Example The rationale for this study, as well as the summary of the literature findings shall also be set forth. The change proposal shall then be laid out and the steps in the implementation process shall also be explained based on the change management framework developed by Lewin. Based on the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC, 2008), a nurse is obligated to deliver the best and the highest standard of care at all times. More specifically, they are called on to deliver care, according to the best available evidence and best practice; and they must also ensure that the advice they are giving to their patient, in terms of healthcare products and services, is based on evidence (NMC, 2008). There are numerous evidences which are often made available to nurses for use in their practice. For which reason, it is important for nurses to be knowledgeable and skilled in the critical evaluation of evidence and ensure that the evidence they would choose to support and apply in their practice would b e the best (Spector, 2007, p. 1). For the purpose of this essay, the definition of evidence-based practice by Sackett, Straus, Richardson, Rosenberg, and Haynes shall be adapted. They define the practice as â€Å"the integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values† (Sackett, Straus, Richardson, Rosenberg, and Haynes, 2000, p. 71). ... based practice therefore considers the role of the patient in the planning and conceptualisation of their care (Pipe, Wellik, Buchda, Hansen, and Martin, 2005). The nurses have to include and consider patient preferences in relation to the best evidence available and apply such to the planning process. Critics like Mullen and Streiner, however, are not supportive of EBP, contending that it prevents the application of the most effective treatment for the patient. They point out that EBP does not â€Å"fit the realities of individualised, contextualized practice, especially nonmedical practice wherein problems are less well defined (Mullen and Streiner, 2004, p. 133). They also emphasised that there are often many limitations in the methods of research in the systematic reviews and meta-analysis. Moreover, concern has been expressed on how evidence-based research can be conceptualised when competing elements like public opinion and resource limitations affect policy-making (Mullen and Streiner, 2004, p. 133). On the other hand, health practitioners are quick to point out that EBP is about being guided by the best available evidence. This means that absent available randomised controlled trials without design flaws, trials which have limitations can be used instead (Mullen and Streiner, 2004, p. 133). In effect, health practitioners and users of health services must be cautious about the risks and benefits when the evidence for decisions are made apparent, even if this would mean that there is not much evidence supporting the different choices (Mullen and Streiner, 2004, p. 133). Proponents of EBP also point out that even as the realities of practice may be far removed from the behaviour and practical aspects of the clinical practice, there is merit in considering the

What is global sourcing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

What is global sourcing - Assignment Example Global sourcing is important due to the fact that it broadens the knowledge on how to conduct businesses in other countries (Schneid, 2010). In addition, global sourcing is always cheaper than producing the goods and services on one’s own. Furthermore, global sourcing leads to reciprocating of trade. For instance, it ensures both buying as well as selling an organization at the same time (Sollish and Semanik, 2011). This leads to creation of a mutually beneficial economic bond between the companies involved in the transaction, as well as, create strong business relations between the countries involved. Global sourcing also allows a nation to tap into the raw materials of other nations, at lower costs under the cover of trade relations (Oshri and Global Sourcing Workshop, 2010). This is very beneficial if the buying nation has limited resources, or if it is in need of preserving its resources. These are some of the reasons as to why a company based in the United States would choose to purchase items and services from foreign

Annual Financial Report Analysis for British Airways PLC Essay

Annual Financial Report Analysis for British Airways PLC - Essay Example e years und the light of the important sections in the company’s annual report i.e., notes to the accounts, statement of accounting policies, directors’ report, operating and financial review statement, chief executive’s statement, chairman’s statement and the press releases of the company in order to illustrate the impact of any of the company policy, market and environment on the company’s financial performance during the year. At the end of the report, important factors critical to the company’s future growth and financial performance have been presented based on the analysis. British Airways is the worlds second largest international airline, carrying more than 27 million passengers, and one of the worlds longest established passenger brands. In the financial year to 31 March 2004, more than 36 million people chose to fly on flights operated by BA. An average of 51,939 staff were employed by the group worldwide in 2003-2004, 85.0 per cent of them based in the UK. Unlike some of the worlds other airlines, BA is owned entirely by private investors - with around 260,000 shareholders, including some 49 per cent of the companys own employees (British Airways Plc, accessed 6.12.2005) The main activities of British Airways Plc and its subsidiary undertakings are the operation of international and domestic scheduled and charter air services for the carriage of passengers, freight and mail and the provision of ancillary services (1) BAs main business is the provision of scheduled passenger services, which accounted for approximately 83% of the Companys turnover during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2005 (fiscal 2005). The Company also provides other services to outside parties, such as aircraft maintenance. The Companys operations also include certain ancillary airline activities, including air cargo (British Airways, accessed 5.12.2005) British Airways Group fleet as at 31 December 2004 comprised 293 aircraft - one of the largest fleets in Europe. The

Debate On Gender Difference Sociology Essay

Debate On Gender Difference Sociology Essay From the moment we born, people have already been attributed as male or female, which is classified by our biological differences of body. However, there are other characteristic, e.g. mental, social definitions of sexes, for dividing us into masculine or feminine. From the past to present, gender difference has long been a debatable topic in our society. Different approaches, mainly essentialism and constructionism, have different view on the origin of gender different. The main debate is that whether gender differences are socially constructed or derive from biological differences. In the following, I will first look back the essentialist and constructionist debate on the issue of gender difference. Then, whether gender is socially constructed in the aspect of family, education and mass media will be argued. For essentialist, it is agreed that gender differences are of an intrinsic of nature, which is related to psychological and physical differences of our body. Determined by different genes and hormones, everyone have their own particular features and attributes. That means that people are born either women or men, which depends on whether they have penis or vagina. Besides, it is argued that gender differences are propelled by natural force which resulted in inequalities between male and female. As men and women are born to be fundamentally different, it is impossible to have an equal society root and branch. Oppositely, the constructionist thinks that the gender roles are created culturally instead of biologically. They argued that gender roles are culturally resulted as our emotion, action, desire and relationships with others are affected by the society and people. As we interact with others every day, we will learn what the society expects for male and female. Through gender socialization, feminine or masculine roles will be taught to the children by various social institutions, e.g. family, region, law and so on. It is claimed that when an infant is born, gender socialization starts. We are doing gender through socially guided activities which shapes our perception of masculinity or femininity. For example, in our society, most of the women are allowed to wear dresses and high heels. While for men having this kind of dressing, they will be classified as abnormal. For this situation, the constructionist will argue that because of the society, it is socially acceptable for women to wear dresses and high heels. The society has a norm that women are allowed to have this kind of dressing and this concept shaped our mind. However, for essentialist, they will argue that it is due to the womens biological organ, women are normal for wearing dress and high heel. Instead of social construction, the distinctive biological dissimilarity of body create these differences. From the above, it is known that there is a fierce debate on whether gender is of biological differences or is socially constructed among essentialist and constructionist. To a larger extend, it is thought that gender is socially constructed. As we are living in a society that we interact with others every day, it is undeniable that gender socialization is happened to us from child to adult. In other words, both Masculinity and femininity is the result of socialization. Thus, this implies that society creates gender role and differences, which is consistent with the view of constructionist. In the following, I will explain how the gender is socially constructed by various agents, including family, education and mass media. From Lindsey (2011), Family is the most crucial primary socialization agent for children since first knowledge and value are learnt. Kimmel, 2011 also claimed that Gender socialization have begun when we born. It is believed that families have the power to affect individuals emotion, behaviors and values. So, during the process of growing of children, they will learn to understand their own gender. Norms and customs of different genders are learnt from parent primarily. When we are small, our parents encourage acts that are consistent with the norm of our gender and prevent us from doing some behavior that are of the opposite gender. For instance, girls are encouraged to play doll while boys are encouraged to play gun. For constructing gender of children by family, there are mainly four ways which is proposed by Ann Oakley. Manipulation is one of the ways that parent encourage behaviors that are appeared to be normal for the childrens gender. For example, boys are encouraged to join basketball practice while discouraged from joining ballet lessons. The second one, canalization, is that parent guides the childrens interest to the activities of their gender. One example is that girls are guided to play cooking sets. Verbal appellation which means that childrens gender are constructed through naming them. Cute girl, dont be so rude. is an apparent verbal expression which teaches the children appropriate act of their gender. The final method is by different activities. Parents usually arrange girls take part in indoor domestic activities while boys take part in outdoor activities. According social learning theory, it is stated that people learn the social behavior primarily by observing and imitating others behavior when they are young. Children spend most of their time at home with their parent which they may learn the gender role from them by observing. A recent research done by Charles (2002) supports this point. It shows that family have a gender stereotype that males generally work outside and females have caring roles. This implies that boys and girls learn this kind of role from observing their fathers and mothers behavior. In addition to family, education also plays a key role in constructing gender identity. School is a place that children are having second stage of socialization. It is clear that children spend most of the time at school after the age of three. So, Formal schooling provides a major medium for children to learn and reinforce the cultural expectations for males and females (Finn et al. 1980; Lee et al., 1994). At school, there is different treatment toward girls and boy. Teachers play a role in socializing girls towards femininity while boys toward masculinity as there must be interaction between teachers and students. From the words of the teacher, it already instills some gender characteristic for the students. For instance, girls are lauded for quiet and elegant, whereas boys are praised for active or speaking up by teachers. Clearly, role or norms of gender are shaped in this approach. Moreover, the content of textbooks or literature that is taught in the classroom may have some knowledge related to gender role. Some literatures with masculine pronoun or history that determined that role of men influence them as it may be the role models which are looking up. Besides, some gender roles are also distinguished from the curriculum. It is known that the curriculum is still different for girls and boys in some developing countries. For the case of Uganda, girls are receiving more knowledge related to family life and home while boys get information of sports or productive still. (Mirembe Davies, as cited in 9789241596435_eng, 2001) Another aspect of education which helps shaping the gender roles is the playground activities. Playground is a place that clearly distinguishes the gender role. For boys, they usually participate in sport game actively. For girls, they would have some social activities or indoor activities. Schools are made up of students with similar age and status. It is common to see that children with same gender play together. In this stage, children have already developed a much intense consciousness of gender identity. Thus, it will soon closure into a more rigid gender roles. From the above, we know that education is also one of agents which the gender constructed socially. Media contribute significantly to construction of gender in our early life. Media are the diversified media technologies that are tried to gain a large audience by mass communication. There are various kind of media, including broadcast, print, outdoor, internet, etc. Throne (1993) claimed that gender role stereotypes are often internalized by children from the media, especially television. Moreover, research done by Anderson, 1986 also shows that television influence childrens lives greatly. For teenagers, popular television drama and magazines help them develop and sustain the lifestyle of their gender through photos or dialogue. Prevalent gender ideologies or characteristics which imply gender differences are transmitted to the adolescent visually and verbally in the media. (Tinkler, 1995) For example, we seldom see male nurse in the television drama. In nowadays, since we have assumed that women are much more caring and benevolent to men, female are more suitable than male to be nurse. Again, gender differences can also be shown in the media which socially constructed the gender identity among male and female. Moreover, adolescents tend to share what they have read and saw through the media. By interaction between youngster, gender are constructed collaboratively. Moreover, it is claimed that presented gender behavior in images by music or movies help adolescents to take the idea of what meant to be a men or women. (Greenberg et al., as cited in d, 1986) When it comes to the media, gender stereotype are also found in different media, especially in propaganda. It is a powerful agent which affects our attitudes, beliefs and the values that we are of ourselves, others and the world. (1018899522353.pdf ) It is not difficult to find female or male stereotype among the news, magazines or on television. For example, advertisements promoting slimming programme and plastic surgery are found everywhere in Hong Kong, from magazine to MTRs advertisement board. Models in the propagandas are stereotyped that women should be slim, beautiful and with big breast. There are also some advertisements promoting masculinity among men. Muscular and powerful are the male characteristics which are stereotyped too. It is found that male characters were presented as a valued role model, but it were supermasculine with personal feature of aggression. (Peevers, as cited in mass media and gender, 1987). In most of the film, men are usually engaged in violent scenes of rape and kill. (Nelson, as cite in mass media and gender, 1985) This shown both good and bad men is aggressive. For instance, in film of Batman, Batman has an image that he is powerful, muscular, and aggressive in killing the bad guys. This c reates gender stereotype. As children or adolescent is easily access to these kinds of film, this kind of stereotype are easily instill in their mind which are process of gender construction. As a result, this kind of gender stereotype may change or shape the childrens view toward gender, which affect them constructing their gender. From the above, it is clear that gender is socially constructed through family, education and mass media. Besides, many socialization agents who are not mentioned play a role in shaping our gender identity. To a larger extend, it is thought that gender is socially constructed instead of biologically construct. Since we are exposed to different socialization agents every day and everywhere, it is impossible to say that we havent affected by the society. Famous sociologist George Herbert Mead also claimed that the self-identity is not present when we were first born, instead, it is developed with social experience.

Sonnets 18 and 130: Defending and Defying the Petrarchan Convention Es

Sonnets 18 and 130: Defending and Defying the Petrarchan Convention  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During the Renaissance, it was common for poets to employ Petrarchan conceit to praise their lovers. Applying this type of metaphor, an author makes elaborate comparisons of his beloved to one or more very dissimilar things. Such hyperbole was often used to idolize a mistress while lamenting her cruelty. Shakespeare, in Sonnet 18, conforms somewhat to this custom of love poetry, but later breaks out of the mold entirely, writing his clearly anti-Petrarchan work, Sonnet 130. In Sonnet 18, Shakespeare employs a Petrarchan conceit to immortalize his beloved. He initiates the extended metaphor in the first line of the sonnet by posing the rhetorical question, "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?" The first two quatrains of the poem are composed of his criticism of summer. Compared to summer, his lover is "more lovely and more temperate" (2). He argues that the wind impairs the beauty of summer, and summer is too brief (3-4). The splendor of summer is affected by the intensity of the sunlight, and, as the seasons change, summer becomes less beautiful (5-8). Due to all of these shortcomings of summer, Shakespeare contends in the third quatrain of this sonnet that comparing his lover to this season fails to do her justice. While "often is gold [summer's] complexion dimmed," her "eternal summer shall not fade" (6, 9). She, unlike summer, will never deteriorate. He further asserts that his beloved will neither become less beautiful, nor even die, because she is immortalized through his poetry. The sonnet is concluded with the couplet, "So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, / So long live this, and this gives life to thee" (13-14). T... ... 1999. Available HTTP: library.utoronto.ca. Shakespeare, William. "Sonnet 18." The Norton Anthology of English Literature, Vol. 1. M. H. Abrams, ed. W. W. Norton (New York): 1993. ---. "Sonnet 130." The Norton Anthology of English Literature, Vol. 1. M. H. Abrams, ed. W. W. Norton (New York): 1993. Sidney, Philip. "Astrophel and Stella." Online. Renascence Editions. U of Oregon P. 6 Apr. 1999. Available HTTP: darkwing.uoregon.edu. Spenser, Edmund. "Amoretti 18." Online. Sonnet Central. Available HTTP: www.sonnets.org. Wootton, John. Untitled. Online. Sonnet Central. Available HTTP: www.sonnets.org. Wyatt, Sir Thomas. "Avising The Bright Beams of These Fair Eyes." British Library Egerton MS. 2711, fol. 22, ed. Richard Harrier. Canon, 1975: 125-26. Online. U of Toronto Lib. Internet. 6 April 1998. Available HTTP: library.utoronto.ca.   

England In the years 1067-1075 Essay

a) â€Å"How far do these sources support the view expressed in source one that, in the years 1067-1075, William had favoured conciliation in his attempts to establish peace in England?† The view of William I favoring conciliation in his attempts to establish peace, to a certain extent, do agree with a number of the sources. This is only to a degree due to events that occurred between the years 1067 and 1075 that pushed William into more brutal and violent methods of subduing the English and securing his authority over England. Sources that do agree with William I using peaceful procedures to establish peace are sources three and four. Both sources to a great extent agree with the first source. Source three depicts how appeasement established authority. The source describes the naval and land levies, proving that William favoured conciliation. William had enough trust with the English to take them to war with him, and that they would not mutiny. This trust can be linked with source four; William felt strong enough to leave England in the hands of William fitz Osbern and go to Normandy. However, did the English really have a choice? With the erection of castles, the use of cavalry, and Norman landholders, the English may have been forced to fight for him; there is little detail of the events or others before or after. Source four also agrees, for throughout the duration of the documents Lanfranc negotiates peacefully with Roger warning him of the seriousness but giving him a second chance. Lanfranc assures him, â€Å"of safe conduct†, and to â€Å"give the earl what help he can, saving his allegiance†. The source is limited due it being correspondence over just the year 1075. Before and after this date other issues may have aroused, and the letters are not written by William I but by Lanfranc1 who was a very trusted friend to William. However, though acting on the King’s behalf, of appeasement, Lanfranc would have used his own ideas and thoughts on the case. Finally, as Hereford was the son of William fitz Osbern, he could have been treated differently for his links with William I; they were friends from their childhood2. Source two and five disagree with the statement in source one. Source two is from the â€Å"Anglo-Saxon Chronicle†3; as a consequence of the invasion, William is described to have devastated Yorkshire (â€Å"Harrying of the North†) 4 – â€Å"ravaged and laid waste to the shire†. There is no implication of conciliation from William. Source two is inadequate due to it only covering one year, it does not take into account events outside of 1069. The Anglo authors of the chronicle could be biased towards the Normans, exaggerating the truth, leaving out appeasement by William I. Source five also disagrees with the statement recounting how William â€Å"ruined† Norwich, and blinded some of the traitors. The source is partial due to it covering only one date and the account of the situation is brief, and may exaggerate the Norman methods. The primary sources (source two, four, and five), overall, have an unbalanced view of William I and his tactics for establishing peace in England. The main drawback to most of the sources is the lack of facts during the years 1065 and 1075. This means that the revolts that occurred before 1069 are not mentioned. A final limitation, which I believe is the most key, is a list of rules that William I laid down when he first conquered England. The first rule was â€Å"that above all things he (William) wishes one God to be revered throughout his whole realm, one faith in Christ to be kept ever inviolate, and peace and security to be preserved between English and Normans†. William’s want, and favor towards peace is fully recognised in this statement. Foot Notes; 1. Lanfranc was, at the time, head of the new foreign bishops and abbots and also Archbishop of Canterbury. Lanfranc was unimpressed with the quality of the English clergy and during William’s reign supported his policy of promoting foreigners to high office in the Church. 2. William fitz Osbern, as a boy William I â€Å"loved him above other members of his household†. William I and William fitz Osbern were related, as fitz Osbern’s father was the grandson of Duke Richard of Normandy’s half-brother, Rodulf. Later on Roger Earl of Hereford had to forfeit his land and loose his title as Earl of Hereford. This though not brutal is not favoring conciliation by William I or Lanfranc (on William’s behalf). 3. The â€Å"Anglo-Saxon Chronicle† was for the years before and during the conquest of England the main source of evidence and information. There exist three versions: C, D and E, derived from a common source but with some differences. The chronicle supplies a uniquely English account of political events and allows us to make comparisons with the rather obvious Norman propaganda. 4. â€Å"The Harrying of the North† was in response, by William I, to the revolts occurring in the North (Yorkshire) during the years 1069-70. William had marched north with seasoned troops, devastating the countryside as they went, and slaughtering all the adult males. What his troops conflicted on the people was so terrible that chroniclers remembered it over fifty years later. In the Domesday book, made in 1086, it simply records Yorkshire as â€Å"waste† due to the brutality of William the land was depopulated, villages left deserted, farms empty, and this was fifteen years later. b) To what extent did the Revolts in the years 1069-75 aid William I to assist his Royal Authority in England? The revolts between the years 1069-75, to a great extent, aided William I to assert his royal authority across England. They provided William with the chance and excuse to use and show his military power. William was able to remove key Anglo-Saxon lords who posed a threat to him; build castles to maintain his control of the country; and it allowed him to firmly set, in the minds of the Saxons, that the Normans weren’t just invaders, like the Vikings, but conquerors of England. However, the revolts were not the only reason for William’s successful affirmation of royal authority on the country. William adopted methods of conciliation. He kept the Anglo-Saxon traditions such as sheriffs, shires, coronation rights and writs and added Norman culture and society on top to create an Anglo-Norman England. Before the revolts William was in a very exposed position. He had five thousand men to the two million Saxons, and he had no control of the North, West or East of England. Due to this vulnerability William was systematically peaceful in dealing with the Anglo-Saxons; using conciliation rather than consolidation. The revolts were essential to the change in William’s attitude towards the situation. He began to use brutal, ruthless methods to obtain his authority. The importance of the revolts depended on who was involved and the consequences of the revolt. Though there were minor revolts, when comparing them to revolts such as the Northern revolt (1069-70), they are taken into account to supply us, the historian, with a realistic overview of how dire William’s need was to obtain and retain royal authority. Rebellions began to inflame the country, in 1067 the Welsh border, lead by Eric â€Å"the Wild†, revolted in Herefordshire. Subsequently the south-west revolted in 1068, with the city of Exeter refusing to accept William as their King, and Harold Godwinson’s sons attempted a counter invasion in the summer of 1068. Between the years 1069 and 1070 the North revolted. Rebels in the North burned to death a Norman Earl, Robert of Commines, in Durham. A Viking army of 240 ships, led by the sons of Swegn Estrithsson, landed at Humber and marched on York. They gained support from the local Saxons, and they seized York. Their success produced a domino affect sparking revolts in Dorset, Cheshire, Staffordshire and Somerset. William faced the possibility of a Scandinavian Kingdom in the north of England, or a separate Kingdom for Edgar, the last prince of the Royal House of Wessex. William reacted to these revolts with characteristic vigour, skill and utter brutality. He â€Å"became the barbarous murderer of many thousands, both young and old, of that fine race of people†1. The Welsh failed to take control of the border, and retired to Wales with much booty. Exeter, in the south-west revolt of 1068, was laid under siege for 18 days, by William’s troops, by which time they accepted William as their King. Harold’s sons were repelled by William’s forces in the summer of 1068. William to counter-act this made a series of lighting raids through Warwick, Nottingham, York, Lincoln, Huntingdon and Cambridge to show his presence as the new King. In reaction to the revolts in the North, William marched North with troops from York and Nottingham, devastating the countryside, slaughtering all adult males and pillaging as he went, killing animals and burning crops. This was called the â€Å"Harrying of the North† and the destruction of the land was so terrible that when mentioned in the Domesday Book, 20 years later, it was classed as a â€Å"waste† land. From Yorkshire William pushed his men across the Tees in the winter and took Chester, and Stafford, and was back in Winchester before Easter 1070. Due to the revolts and the resulting victories for William, who had either killed or utterly suppressed the resistance, he had to enforce his power, and show that the Normans were the new rulers and would not leave. William accomplished this by first building motte-and-bailey castles across England. William began to erect them right at the start of his campaign, even before the battle of Hastings, and they were virtually unheard of in England. William built hundreds across England, to show the Norman’s strength and power over the population. This geopolitical process meant that they exerted control over the surrounding countryside. The Normans would demolish houses in the centre of towns to erect a castle. This happened in towns such as Cambridge, Lincoln and Dorchester2. These castles were, and still are, â€Å"looming features over the landscape†3. They were built in the centre of towns for economic reasons; the material or foundations of earlier fortifications (Roman/Saxon) were there already, and also it was cheaper to build on existing forts rather than building on top of a hill, having to transport supplies and food up it. Another affect of castles was their psychological affect on the Saxon population. Castles were a â€Å"conspicuous emblem of Royal authority†4, and were â€Å"clearly statements of power to the indigenous people†5. By the end of the revolts, 1075, William felt secure enough with his authority over England that he went back to Normandy and left his trusted advisor and Archbishop of Canterbury, Lanfranc in charge of the kingdom. Another factor which was opened up due to the revolts, and the success for William I, was the replacement of all the Anglo-Saxon earls. The earls were either dead from the revolts or just forced off their land. William strategically placed relatives or close friends to tenet the earldoms. For example Odo of Bayeaux, was earl of Kent and half-brother to William I. Also the new earl of Hereford, William fitz Osbern, was William’s cousin. This formed a tight, trustful network of family and friends which William could rely on. Another advantage to William of the revolts was it allowed him to fully assert royal authority on Anglo-Saxon church. William had to as, 30% of land in England was permanently owned by the church, bishops and abbots were literate, powerful men who advised the old Kings of Saxon England. If William could control the church he would be successful in his total control of England. William achieved this by removing 99% of all Saxon bishops, abbots and clergy, with Norman-French ones by 1087. William built new stone cathedrals, as a sign of domination, on top of old wooden Saxon churches. This had the same affect as the castles, showing the Norman supremacy over the Saxons. In 1070 the most powerful churchman in England, Stigand Archbishop of Canterbury, was deposed and replaced by Lanfranc, an Italian monk who was William’s greatest advisor. Three other important Saxon bishops were also removed, and also many abbots. Finally in 1072 Lanfranc gained superiority over the Archbishop of York, thus making Canterbury the chief church post in England. As Lanfranc had control over the North, this aided William with his control. In the 11th century, people were very suspicious and believed solely in the existence of God. These men of God, the bishops and abbots were trusted by the Saxon people no matter what race they were, even Norman, because of the risk it could cause them in the afterlife if they offended them. The extent of royal authority being asserted on England does not solely come from the revolts but also from William’s conciliation of the country, mainly before the revolts. Although the landscape of England had changed with the formation of castles, looming over the country and the mounted cavalry, trotting through the towns and villages, William I always governed through legal and rightful inheritance from Edward the Confessor with the use of Anglo-Saxon tools of government and traditions of kingship. When William came to the throne, December 25th 1066, he was crowned in the traditional Anglo-Saxon manner, like Edward the Confessor before. This showed his belief in tradition and proved his rightful claim to the throne. By using the ancient traditions of Anglo-Saxon kingship ceremonies alongside the unique circumstances that brought him the crown, William and his successors were able to appeal both to English customs and to the Norman sense of righteous conquest. William in the lead up to the revolts kept the country as it was, making no major changes and if any were made they would consist of a mixture of Anglo-Saxon and Norman customs. The main household after 1066 was not fundamentally changed. The only big difference in the household was that after 1066, and especially around 1087 (William I’s death) the nobles were increasingly Norman. At first William kept some Anglo-Saxons in his household, one example was Regenbald, and he was the chancellor and was in command of the Royal seal under Edward the Confessor and William I. This shows William’s desire for continuity within the government, and only adding extras on top mixing the two cultures of the Normans and the Anglo-Saxons. The earldoms at the beginning of William’s reign did not change. They remained as the four large Earldoms of East Anglia, Mercia, Wessex and Northumbria. However, around the time of the rebellions against William I (1070’s), William I granted the land to new nobles and tenants. As a result he and his two half-brothers owned 50% of England, the Church remained with around 30%, and roughly 12 barons (great lords) shared the remaining 20%. These 12 barons, basically like his half-brothers, were often related through hereditary or marriage to William. Kingship was very much affected by the character of the King on the throne at the time. So this was destined to change with the accession of William I. William I had to be physically strong, spending most of his time on the move (itinerant kingship). Also mentally strong to dominate the churchmen and the barons who all had their own ambitions and interests. With this change in kingship, William introduced a fairly new system of crown-wearing sessions. William I wore his crown and regalia where the people could see him. Three major times for this crown-wearing was Easter at Winchester, Christmas at Gloucester, and on Whitsun in Westminster. This new method and change in kingship could have been a sign of William I’s security as King. However, William I could of used crown-wearing sessions for another reason, to state his claim and right to the throne, indefinitely, upon landholders, and the barons. This would agree with his use of the coinage system set up in England before 1066. William on his coins and seals had a picture of him sitting on the throne with all his regalia, on one side, and on the other him on a horse with a sword; William is declaring his claim to the throne, by right, and if that is not enough by force and bloodshed. William changed the iconography of kingship to add strength to his kingship. The chancery of pre-1066 was only slightly revolutionised. After 1066 the clerks, who wrote up the laws and grants began to progressively, under William, write the laws in Latin. Latin was the language of authority, the Norman nobles and the officials wrote in Latin. This language of power was fully founded around 1070. The use of clerks was not new to England. William I only adapted them to his cultural needs and desires. Also Latin was not known throughout the greater population. This causes supremacy over the plebs on the land, and dominates their lives. Sheriffs were the King’s official in a shire. These officials had been around before William. William I did not have sheriffs back in Normandy, and found them to be very useful. After the rebellions around the 1070’s, sheriffs were increasingly Norman (as were the earls and bishops). The powers of the sheriffs increased hugely, and they were often in charge of royal castles (castellans) as well. Most Norman sheriffs were aristocrats who had much more wealth and power than the previous Anglo-Saxon sheriffs. A final instrument used by William I to completely assert his authority on the country was the production of the Domesday Book6. This book allowed the King to find out who had what and who owed what, twenty years after his seizure of the kingdom. The Domesday Book also shows us how sophisticated the Anglo-Saxon government was before the Normans. Without the shires, hundreds and sheriffs this type of â€Å"census† would have been near impossible to make. The Domesday Book is a record of a conquered kingdom, but it is a testament to the survival of the Anglo-Saxon government in many aspects. William I was aided by the revolts (1069-75) to a great extent. The revolts changed the King from conciliation to consolidation. However, the revolts, the castle building, the revolutionary change of the earldoms and the church, came, all, after the revolts. A new set of values had been introduced into England; these were based upon loyalty and military service. The government of the new king was based upon the traditional procedures and customs of Edward the Confessor but was enforced with a savage energy inspired by, mainly, the revolts between the years 1069-75. Foot Notes; 1. William the Conqueror’s deathbed confession, from Orderic Vitalis â€Å"The Ecclesiastical History† written 1123-41. 2. Cambridge (27 houses were demolished), Gloucester (16 houses demolished), Lincoln (166 houses demolished), and in Dorchester (an area of 150,000 square metres was taken up). 3. Article in History Today, Volume 53, Issue 4. 4. Article in History Today, Volume 53, Issue 4. 5. Article in History Today, Volume 53, Issue 4. 6. The Domesday Book was written in 1086, and was so-called due to its verdicts being just as unanswerable as the Book of the Day of Judgment. It was written in Latin, on parchment and includes 13,400 place names on 888 pages. No other country in the world produced such a detailed historical record at such an early date.

Free Essays on New Deal In South Carolina

, â€Å"I pledge you- I pledge myself to a new deal for the American people† (Huff 374). This New Deal, of Roosevelt’s, was a series of actions that FDR took to meet the immediate needs of the American people. Congress stayed in session day and night for a hundred days, passing bills that were urged by Roosevelt. This period of the New Deal is referred to as the Hundred Days (Huff 374). The new president quickly won the confidence of most Americans through his dramatic speeches and his New Deal. FDR gave inspiration and hope to the underprivileged and the unemployed and reassured the country that it had â€Å"nothing to fear but fear itself.† President Roosevelt’s cabinet consisted of one South Carolinian, Daniel A. Roper, as Secretary of Commerce. As the Democrats controlled both houses of Congress, some South Carolinians, because of their seniority, attained important committee assignments (Lander 73). The New Deal had both positive and negative effects on South Carolina. The New Deal help South Carolina’s agriculture, economy, and the work force, but it also hurt some of the people. Some important New Deal measures, which are also referred to as the alphabet agencies, to affect South Carolina were the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA), the Works Progress Administration (WPA), the National Industrial Recovery Act (NRA), Farm Credit Administration (FCA), the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), ... Free Essays on New Deal In South Carolina Free Essays on New Deal In South Carolina THE NEW DEAL’S EFFECTS ON SOUTH CAROLINA In the presidential election of 1932, the American people were looking for a change and elected Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR). Roosevelt promised to act to end the Great Depression. He urged programs to deal with what he referred to as the â€Å"forgotten man† during the depression. These programs included legislation to end the financial crisis, grant relief, and regulation of agriculture and industry. FDR accepted the Democratic nomination for president with the words, â€Å"I pledge you- I pledge myself to a new deal for the American people† (Huff 374). This New Deal, of Roosevelt’s, was a series of actions that FDR took to meet the immediate needs of the American people. Congress stayed in session day and night for a hundred days, passing bills that were urged by Roosevelt. This period of the New Deal is referred to as the Hundred Days (Huff 374). The new president quickly won the confidence of most Americans through his dramatic speeches and his Ne w Deal. FDR gave inspiration and hope to the underprivileged and the unemployed and reassured the country that it had â€Å"nothing to fear but fear itself.† President Roosevelt’s cabinet consisted of one South Carolinian, Daniel A. Roper, as Secretary of Commerce. As the Democrats controlled both houses of Congress, some South Carolinians, because of their seniority, attained important committee assignments (Lander 73). The New Deal had both positive and negative effects on South Carolina. The New Deal help South Carolina’s agriculture, economy, and the work force, but it also hurt some of the people. Some important New Deal measures, which are also referred to as the alphabet agencies, to affect South Carolina were the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA), the Works Progress Administration (WPA), the National Industrial Recovery Act (NRA), Farm Credit Administration (FCA), the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), ...

Free Essays on Disfunctional Aspects Of Leadership

Disfunctional Aspects of Leadership When people think of a leader, they think of someone who possesses a number of qualities. They would like to think that he or she is enthusiastic, has good judgment, intelligent, a great speaker, and a good people person as well. Even though all these qualities make up an effective leader, there are still different aspects, which may not be effective, such as Dysfunctional aspects. A leader should stay away from, going against their word, not being open to opinions, and showing weakness in many dysfunctional aspects. Before a person can determine if an individual is a good leader, he or she must know what exactly leadership is. What is leadership? â€Å"Leadership is having the ability to give guidance to those that will follow you† (Rose 1998). â€Å"Those that follow will strive to help complete the mission† (Rose 1998). â€Å"Leadership is an immature science and the body of knowledge in the field has developed through a series of fits and starts† (Jansen 2001). â€Å"Leadership is a soft science, just as anthropology, psychology and sociology† (Jansen 2001). Leadership is power, but only when effective. A significant part of effective leadership is the close connection between the individual leader and his or her followers, as Jansen states (page 205), the success of the leader’s mission. â€Å"Leadership, which comes in many different types of forms but basically heads toward the same goal to communicate with people can be very effective in terms of communication† (Rose 1998). â€Å"Some people are silent leaders and lead by example some are more vocal† (Peter 1996). Nevertheless, whatever type of leader they are, there are certain criteria that must be met before being effective. For example being a dependable role model of some sort, being trust worthy, are things that a true leader must possess to be effective. To be effective they must realize that there are strengths, weaknesse... Free Essays on Disfunctional Aspects Of Leadership Free Essays on Disfunctional Aspects Of Leadership Disfunctional Aspects of Leadership When people think of a leader, they think of someone who possesses a number of qualities. They would like to think that he or she is enthusiastic, has good judgment, intelligent, a great speaker, and a good people person as well. Even though all these qualities make up an effective leader, there are still different aspects, which may not be effective, such as Dysfunctional aspects. A leader should stay away from, going against their word, not being open to opinions, and showing weakness in many dysfunctional aspects. Before a person can determine if an individual is a good leader, he or she must know what exactly leadership is. What is leadership? â€Å"Leadership is having the ability to give guidance to those that will follow you† (Rose 1998). â€Å"Those that follow will strive to help complete the mission† (Rose 1998). â€Å"Leadership is an immature science and the body of knowledge in the field has developed through a series of fits and starts† (Jansen 2001). â€Å"Leadership is a soft science, just as anthropology, psychology and sociology† (Jansen 2001). Leadership is power, but only when effective. A significant part of effective leadership is the close connection between the individual leader and his or her followers, as Jansen states (page 205), the success of the leader’s mission. â€Å"Leadership, which comes in many different types of forms but basically heads toward the same goal to communicate with people can be very effective in terms of communication† (Rose 1998). â€Å"Some people are silent leaders and lead by example some are more vocal† (Peter 1996). Nevertheless, whatever type of leader they are, there are certain criteria that must be met before being effective. For example being a dependable role model of some sort, being trust worthy, are things that a true leader must possess to be effective. To be effective they must realize that there are strengths, weaknesse...

The Sixties Cultural and Counter Cultural Movement Essay

The Sixties Cultural and Counter Cultural Movement - Essay Example The term was popularized by Theodore Roszak in his book The Making of a Counter Culture (published, in 1969), and remains with us today. Roszak was himself much influenced by Alan Watts, the Anglican priest with a deep interest in Asian thought and culture. Watts was hugely influential in the religious face of the 60s counter-culture. He Watts taught at the School of Asian Studies in San Francisco and was fascinated with Hinduism and especially Buddhism; and his many books, such as The Way of Zen (1957) and Psychotherapy East and West (1961), were widely available and read. Hehad been drawn to the Beat movement, which defiantly rejected organized religion as practiced in America at that time, and their appropriation of Asian thought is clearly seen in Jack Kerouac's autobiography, The Dharma Bums, dharma being a Hindu and Buddhist term for 'the teaching of right living.' Gary Snyder and Alan Ginsberg were other beat poets who came to California in the late fifties and became involved in Zen Buddhism as a result of Watt's teaching. The San Francisco's Zen Center was established in 1959 largely as a result of the influ ence of Watts' and a Japanese Buddhist scholar, Daisetz Suzuki, whose son later became the spiritual inspiration behind the growth of the center and the Zen community in the States. Watts used the term "cosmic consciousness" in his 1962 book, The Joyous Cosmology, to describe the high states of consciousness which a person can achieve with meditation and other spiritual practices. The term was eagerly taken up, but there is nothing new under the sun, and in this case, as Camille Paglia (2003) points out, Watts was simply recycling a term used by Richard Bucke in 1901, when he compared Asian and Western religious teachings by various leaders, including Buddha, Jesus, William Blake, and Walt Whitman, all of whom Bucke thought had attained spiritual enlightenment. The overlay of Eastern religions, Hinduism, and Buddhism, was accompanied by a deep and new interest in the beliefs and practices of the Native American religions. It was as if at least some of youth of western civilization had suddenly awakened from the dream of White supremacy. The University of California became the first in the nation to offer serious studies into the traditions of those that had been so brutally repressed over the previous century. The huge antiwar protests of 1967-1974 were always accompanied by huge masks, music and painted demonstrators reflecting the curious mixture revolutionary politics, ecstatic spiritual practices and free sex made possible by the newly developed contraceptive pill. The 60s counterculture was committed to political change, and to a truth about life outside religious and social institutions. The political movements of that era, of which the Vietnam War protests were only a part, had their roots in THE great liberation movement of the 60s, the civil rights movement, which was sparked by the Supreme Court's 1954 decision to declare segregation in public schools unconstitutional. The fact that ordained ministers like Martin Luther King,

LLB - CONTRACT LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

LLB - CONTRACT LAW - Essay Example Georgian era ended in 1830 and this means Peter meant that candlesticks came to the family during Victorian era and perhaps John should have found out details about their previous owner. Still there is no doubt that he was totally misled as he trusted Peter. This contract could be set aside because it is a misrepresentation1 from one side and a mistake on the other. Misrepresentation was done in clear words, with a special knowledge2, over dinner at Peter's residence by Peter, upon which the entire Contract stood. John has to prove that it was not a matter of opinion regarding the nature and originality of the candlesticks, but was an intentionally made statement, because if it was a matter of opinion, misrepresentation does not come into picture3. John can prove it easily because Peter did not refuse the 7000, which is exorbitant for a piece as recent as Victorian. Peter also has a possibility of showing that he genuinely believed that the piece was Georgian; but such possibility is remote. John's mistake could be argued as 'being led to it' and not an incorrect understanding and this can be a ground to invalidate the agreement.

Patton (1970) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Patton (1970) - Essay Example The movie opens with Patton (played convincingly by George C. Scott) addressing his troops with a screen-sized American flag as the backdrop. The film was released in 1970 during the height of the protest movement of the Vietnam War. It reminded the public of a time when Americans were proud of their involvement in military actions. The central message concerned the larger than life character of Patton and the pride in which he and his troops took in freeing the world from tyranny and oppression, a viewpoint lost in the turbulent times of the Vietnam era when the military was largely vilified. The film was essentially accurate in its depiction of historical events but a couple of aspects stood out as inaccurate such as Patton’s speech to his troops in which he apologized for the slapping incident. If you don’t care for war movies at all, it’s still a decent history lesson but you may want to cover your eyes in a couple of scenes. The overall feeling one takes away after viewing the film is a deeper appreciation of those that served and died for the greater good and for a man who was the right person, at the right time in history. Without his strong leadership, it seems that the war would have been prolonged at the very least with the cost of many more lives.

John D. Rockefeller Essay Example for Free

John D. Rockefeller Essay John D. Rockefeller was born July 8th, 1893, in New York. Even from an early stage in John’s life, he had a great understandment of how money worked. According to a biography from PBS, â€Å"He loaned a local farmer $50 at 7% interest payable in one year, at the age of 12.† During the late 1800’s John D. Rockefeller monopolized the oil industry. Rockefeller then became a multimillionaire. As Rockefeller started to leave the industry of oil, he then began to refine the city he loved, Manhattan. During the early to middle 1900’s Rockefeller decided to give back to his beloved city, by creating the Rockefeller center. Completed in 1933, the center was open for business, and ready to revamp the city of Manhattan. According to TopOFTheRockernyc.com, â€Å"Rockefeller Center and the observation deck were his gifts to Manhattan- a place for locals and visitors to marvel at the city he loved.† During the 1950’s many things were going on at the Rockefeller center, the starting of the soon to be hit talk show The Today Show, broadcasted live from the 30 rock, one of four of the plazas in the Rockefeller center. Also during the construction of the first of four developed-office buildings, the Time life building in 1957, Marilyn Monroe Dedicated the â€Å"sidewalk superintendents’ club† to oversee the construction site. According to RockefellerCenter.com, â€Å"The entertainment facet of Rockefeller Center was definitely making a name for itself.† Through all the money and power John. D. Rockefeller had, he never lost his humble start. As Rockefeller once said â€Å"If your only goal is to become rich, you will never achieve it.†

Audit of Injuries in Cricket

Audit of Injuries in Cricket An Audit of Injuries in Cricket in Scotland in the 2008 Season Abstract Cricket is a popular sport played and followed by millions around the globe. It is a relatively non contact sport with a low to moderate risk of injury. However, in the last decade, the incidence of injury has been shown to be on the rise. This is possibly due to increase in workload for the modern cricketer. Aim of the study The aim of the study was to audit the prevalence and patterns of injuries in cricket in Scotland over a complete season. A study of this nature has never been undertaken in Scotland. This study will act as pilot study for a long term injury surveillance program in Scottish cricket. Cricket researchers have long been in favour of a ‘world cricket injury surveillance report. This study, we reckon, will contribute to such a report when undertaken. Methods A questionnaire was sent to Cricket Scotland who in turn engaged 150 professional cricket players from the Scottish international team, SNCL Premier League, SNCL division I and division II. Involvement of the team coaches through the initiative of Cricket Scotland was sought to increase the compliance for return of the questionnaire. Results We received feedback from 26 of the 150 players that we approached. The numbers of injuries reported throughout the season were 18. An increased prevalence of injuries was apparent at the start of the season with 27% of all injuries occurring in April. Of all the players, 42% suffered injuries at some point of time during the season. Most of the injuries (66%) occurred in match situations. Acute injuries accounted for 60% of the. As expected, bowling was responsible for 36.84% of injuries while fielding caused 52.36% of injuries. Upper limb injuries contributed to 57.89% of the injuries. Finger injuries in the form of fractures or contusions had a prevalence rate of 15.29%. Lower limb injuries accounted for 31.58% of all injuries with knee and shin stress fracture being more common. Hamstring injuries having prevalence rate 16.67%. During the entire season, there was not a single case of head, neck or face injury. Midsection injuries accounted for 10.53 % of injuries with 5.26% prevalence rate for side or abdominal muscle strain. 35.29% of injuries took more than 6 weeks to heal enough for the player to participate in a match again, while almost half of the injured players took more than 4 weeks to recover from injury. Only 8.33% of international cricketers had access to a medical support team while 75% of players did not have injury advice at all. At the domestic level, medical support as well as provision of sports injury advice was lacking for 100% of players. Likewise, none of the clubs we came across had implemented injury data collection or monitoring program. Discussion The injury patterns and prevalence rates identified showed similarities to previous studies, especially for lower limb and fingers injuries. Bowling and fielding were recognised as major contributors for injury. The time lost due to injury as shown in the study is a concern. It is interesting to note that none of the domestic players had access to medical back up in the form of a doctor or a physiotherapist. Even at the international level only one player had a sports doctor to attend to his injuries. In summary, we identified a need for the provision of medical support to players for helping them to realise their full potential. A national database for cricket injuries within the confines of the Scottish government similar to the ACC or the SMAGG should be implemented. The ICC should look to help full as well as associate members in setting up injury prevention programs. It should allocate funds and provide expertise in the form trained personnel for the same. Appointment of injury statisticians for recording of injury data in every first class, one day or twenty 20 match should be looked at. At the end of every match an injury report should be sent to the team management, the SNCL which in turn will pass it on to the ICC. This collection of data should be anonymised as much as possible to help safeguard players interests. 1. Introduction Cricket is a popular sport played and followed by millions around the globe. It is a relatively non contact sport with a low to moderate risk of injury as compared to sports like hockey or football.1;2 However, in the last decade, the incidence of injury has been shown to be on the rise.3 This is possibly due to increase in workload for the modern cricketer. Intense competition, higher levels of fitness and skills required and increase in the number of matches played throughout the season has resulted in this trend. Furthermore, pressures of international travel and acclimitisation to foreign playing conditions in a matter of days have added to the stress. Although the popularity of cricket is on the rise, worldwide research into injuries has been dismal. The International Cricket Council (ICC), which governs the game, boasts a membership of 104 countries including 10 full, 34 associate and 60 affiliate members. However, most of the statistical data on incidence and prevalence of injuries comes from just four countries, namely, Australia, South Africa, England and the West Indies. Australia was the first country to introduce long term injury surveillance in professional cricket in the summer of 1998-99.2 The Sports Science Medicine Advisory Group (SSMAG) set up by Cricket Australia is responsible for the collection and maintenance of a long term injury database.3 Recently, the English and the South African Boards have set up their own injury surveillance programs. In New Zealand, the Accident Compensation Corporation is responsible for recording all sporting injuries. The rest of the test playing nations, however, along with the associate members of the ICC do not have programs implemented to record cricketing injuries. Although cricket has a vast following in the subcontinent, availability of statistical data regarding injuries is lacking. Similarly, a study of the nature and prevalence of injuries in cricket has never been undertaken in Scotland. In the backdrop of researchers pushing for a ‘world cricket injury report, all test playing and associate member countries should set up injury surveillance programs to identify patterns along with prevalence and incidence of injuries. This would enable comparisons of data across varying sets of playing conditions prevailing in different countries. 2. Injuries in Cricket Although cricket is a non contact sport, injuries are quite common, especially in fast bowlers.4-7 Some instances of death due to cricket have also been documented in literature.8 Importance of Injury Surveillance Long term injury surveillance in sport is the basis for prevention of injuries. Identification of causes with subsequent designing and implementation of interventions forms the ‘sequence of prevention of injuries.9 Surveillance of injuries across nations has however proved to be more difficult than previously thought. Over the years, different studies have sought to define injury in cricket and devise methods for injury surveillance.10-14 However, disparity in the definitions used by different researchers has been a problem in comparing injury rates from across the world. 3;12;15 Orchard et al. defined injury in cricket as â€Å"any injury or medical condition that either (a) prevents a player from being fully available for selection for a major match or (b) during a major match, causes a player to be unable to bat, bowl or keep wickets when required by either the rules or the teams captain† 3;12.whereas,Leary et al. defined injury in cricket as an event which caused a player to seek medical attention.10 Overall Incidence of Injuries Different studies report injury incidence in cricket varying from 2.6 to 333/ 10,000 player hours.1;2;16;17 Of all the Accident and Emergency department presentations in Australia, 8% cases were cricket related injuries, making cricket the 5th commonest injury prone sport in Australia.2 In South Africa, Stretch found that there was an injury incidence per player of 1.6 to 1.91 per season; also 49% of all players get injured sometime throughout a season.13 Leary et. al. in their 10 year study of professional English county cricketers found the acute injury incidence to be 57.4 per 1000 days of cricket.10 Injuries by anatomical site Lower limb injuries are the most common with an incidence of 45% to 49.8% where as trunk (20-32.6%) and upper limb (18.9 to 29 %) were the other sites commonly involved.7;10;13 The tissues mostly involved are muscles and other soft tissues (41.0%), joints (22.2%), tendons (13.2%), and ligaments (6.2%).7 Muscle strains were found to be most common. Of the lower limb injuries, hamstring injuries were reported to be most common by Orchard et al (11% of all injuries).2 Most of these were in the form of muscle strains and tears especially in bowlers and fielders.18 Knee injuries, usually comprise of joint sprains (27.6%), tendonitis (26.5%) and contusions (16.3%).10 Orchard et al reported that knee ligament injuries were uncommon in cricket. An interesting observation was that cricketers were more likely to suffer from knee ligament injuries during the game of football that cricketers play as a form of pre-match warming up or cross training. Groin injuries in bowlers (8% of all injuries in bowlers) and batsmen (9% of all injuries in batsmen) had an overall incidence of 7%. 2 Stress fractures of the tibia, fibula and foot, and ankle sprains occurred mostly in fast bowlers and had a combined incidence of 6% in the study conducted by Orchard et al.2 Upper limb injuries make up 19.8% to 34.1% of all injuries in cricket.2;17;18 Most of these are finger injuries due to ball impact occurring during fielding or batting.1;7;18;19 Contusions account for a major share of finger injuries (40%) while fractures/dislocations (28.9%) and joint sprains (23%) are the other finger injuries commonly encountered.10 Although, most of the finger injuries in cricket have a satisfactory treatment outcome, cricketers report a residual component of occasional pain or minor swelling and / or deformity.19 Most of the wicket keepers have been known to carry finger injuries but rarely report them for the fear of being made to miss the match. Shoulder injuries usually occur in fielders and bowlers while batsmen and wicket keepers are characteristically spared.10;18 Shoulder tendon injuries were reported to comprise of 6% of all injuries by Orchard et al. 2, Supraspinatus tendon was seen to be mostly affected. Incidence of shoulder dislocation or subluxation was shown to be low 1%. Upper limb lacerations or fractures were reported to have a low incidence and occurred mostly in batsmen.2 Side strain occurring on the non dominant arm in bowlers is quite notorious to heal.2 Incidence of side or abdominal muscle strain is 9% of all injuries; 1% of all cricket injuries are side strains due to a stress or traumatic fracture of the rib.2 The overall incidence of back and trunk injuries accounted was 18% to 33% of all injuries.7;16-18 Fast bowlers were found to be at particular risk of developing lower back injury.4;20-24 So much so that Foster et al. and Bell have likened the injuries in fast bowlers to en epidemic.4;25 The incidence for head, neck and face injuries vary from 5% to 25 % usually resulting from impact of the cricket ball causing lacerations or contusions and rarely concussions.1;2;13;16-18 Weightman and Brown reported a quarter of cricket injuries to be concussions due to a ball impact on the head.1 This was probably due to the fact that use of helmets in cricket was not in fashion when the study was conducted. Of the cervical spine injuries, 63.6% were in the form of sprains or strains resulting from batting for long periods of time.7 Jones and Tullo reported an incidence of 9% for eye injuries in sports in the UK.26 Although, eye injuries in cricket are rare, some studies have reported a few cases associated with cricket.27;28 These are usually more severe. Seasonal Variation of injuries Injuries in cricket are shown to occur more at the start of the season and then at the end of the season.7;10 The highest incidence number of injuries mostly muscle, tendon and ligament injuries occur at the start of the season (April-27.3%).10 While injuries like fractures or dislocations occur with the same frequency throughout the season. Stretch reported a similar incidence of higher injuries at the start of the season (32.3%) compared to than mid-season (21.7%) or towards the end (12.5%) or offseason (12.5%).18 Role performed in the team Stretch reported an injury incidence according to activity as follows: bowling (41.3%), fielding and wicket keeping (28.6%), and batting (17.1%).18 A study by Orchard et al, however reports that wicketkeepers had the lowest injury incidence (2%) probably because of minimal sprinting, throwing or bowling.2 Bowlers usually sustained lower limb or back injuries while fielders and wicket keepers usually suffered upper limb (42.9%) or lower limb injuries (40.6%). Batsman on the other hand suffered mainly lower limb injuries (54.4%). Delivery and follow through of the fast bowler (25.6%), overuse (18.3%), and fielding (21.4%) were the main mechanisms of injury.18 Age Incidence Young fast bowlers tend to get injured more often.7;13;14;18 Also the incidence of overuse injuries in cricketers in the age group of 19-24 years tends to be higher than their older counterparts.7 An important observation in a study by Stretch is that all 14 stress fractures occurred in young cricketers with 13 of them due to bowling.7 Chronicity of injury Acute injuries account for 64.8% of all injuries while 16.6% are chronic and 25.4% of the injuries are of acute on chronic nature. Majority of injuries are first time injuries (64.5%) while recurrent injuries from the previous season account for 22.8% of injuries.13 Recovery time of injuries In a study by Stretch, 47.8% of injured players were able to return to play within a week while 28.4% took 3 week. However, 23.8% of the players were not able to train or play matches even more than 3 weeks after the incidence.7 3.0 Methodolgy 3.1 Aim of the Study The aim of the study was to audit the prevalence and patterns of injuries occurring in cricket in Scotland over a complete season. A study of this nature has never been undertaken in Scotland. This study will act as pilot study for a long term injury surveillance program in Scottish cricket. Cricket researchers have long been in favour of a ‘world cricket injury surveillance report. This study, we reckon, will contribute to such a report, if and when it is undertaken. 3.2 Study design The study was a retrospective, questionnaire based study carried out online with the support of Cricket Scotland. The involvement of Cricket Scotland, the national governing body for the sport in Scotland, we hoped, would increase the response rate for the questionnaires and thus the reliability of the audit. We feared that compliance would be an issue. However, we were hopeful that involvement of the club coaches via the governing body for cricket in Scotland would maximise the return rate. The first class structure for cricket in Scotland, Scottish National Cricket League (SNCL) is divided into three levels, the SNCL Premiere League, the SNCL division I and the SNCL division II. Each of these levels consists of 10 teams, playing each other home and away. In addition, there is an under 19s Scottish cricket team. Each of the first class teams plays an extra game with the under 19s, making a total of 19 matches over the season for each team. Cricket Scotland distributed the questionnaire to 150 elite cricketers from the international team as well as those in the three divisions of the SNCL. The audit assessed areas such as nature of injury, body part affected, mechanism of injury, recovery time, etc as well as the provision of medical support at the club (see attached questionnaire). Data was recorded from the feedback received from the questionnaire. Data analysis was done on a prevalence percentage basis and comparisons made with the limited existing studies. 3.3 Ethical Approval Ethical approval for undertaking this study was sought from and granted by the Faculty of Medicine Ethics Committee for Non Clinical Research involving Human Subjects, University of Glasgow, Scotland. 3.4 Subjects The subjects involved in the study were 150 elite cricket players from the Scottish national team and clubs in the top 3 divisions of the Scottish National Cricket league (SNCL). 3.5 Data Analysis Minitab 15.1 was used to carry out statistical analysis whereas Microsoft Excel 2007 was used to provide graphical analysis of the data. Also, for comparison with the existing data, literature searches were carried out using Reference Manager Professional Network Edition 12.0. The databases used were Pubmed and ISI Web of Knowledge for the period of 1970 to 2009 with key words for search being cricket, injury, surveillance, patterns, incidence, and prevalence. The review considered all papers up to May 2009 relevant to definition, incidence, prevalence, causes and prevention of injuries in cricket. 4.0 Results During the study, Cricket Scotland distributed the questionnaires to 150 cricket players from the international team and the three divisions of the SNCL. To improve the response rate, the coaches were instructed get the players to fill in the questionnaires. We received feedback from 26 of the 150 players that we approached. Of these, almost 77% were of current international status with 85% having represented Scotland at some point in their careers. In the SNCL, 73.08% of all players represent the premier division, 19.23% division 1 while only one player each featured in division 2 and domestic matches outside the SNCL. 73% of the players that responded were in the age group of 19-25 while 15.38% were in the under 19 age group of and 12% in the over 24 age group. Batsmen comprised of 35% of players while bowlers and all-rounders formed a major share of 64%. Only one wicketkeeper featured in the study. The percentage of players who appeared in more than 30 matches over the season was 46% while 23% played between 11-30 matches. The numbers of injuries reported throughout the season were 18. An increased prevalence of injuries was apparent at the start of the season with 27% of all injuries occurring in April. This then leveled off as the season progressed. Of all the players, 42% suffered injuries at some point of time during the season. Most of the injuries (66%) occurred in match situations. Acute injuries accounted for 60% of the injuries while acute or gradual recurrence of a previous injury was responsible for 35% of the cases. As expected, bowling was responsible for 36.84% of injuries while fielding (along with catching and throwing) caused 52.36% of injuries with throwing alone was responsible for 10% of all injuries. Regional Distribution of injuries Upper limb injuries contributed to 57.89% of the injuries, with shoulder tendon injury accounting for 27.27% of all upper limb and 15.79% of all injuries. Injuries to the fingers in the form of fractures or contusions had a prevalence rate of 15.29% for all injuries and 27.27% of all upper limb injuries. Lower limb injuries accounted for 31.58% of all injuries with knee and shin stress fracture being more common. Hamstring injuries having prevalence rate 16.67%. During the entire season, there was not a single case of head, neck or face injury. Midsection injuries accounted for 10.53 % of injuries with 5.26% prevalence rate for side or abdominal muscle strain. 35.29% of injuries took more than 6 weeks to heal enough for the player to participate in a match again, while almost half of the injured players took more than 4 weeks to recover from injury. Injury Advice and Surveillance In our analysis we found that only 8.33% of international cricketers had any access to a medical support team in the form of a physiotherapist while 75% of players at did not have injury advice at all. Also, of all the players, only 7.69% had some sort of injury prevention advice at their club. At the domestic level, provision of sports injury advice as well as medical support was lacking for 100% of players. Likewise, none of the clubs have implemented injury data collection or monitoring program. Table I. Type of injuries in the 2008 season Type of Injury International SNCL (domestic) Head / Face Fractures Eyes Other Neck Sprains Other Shoulder Tendon / muscle Dislocation / subluxation Arm / Elbow / Forearm Fracture Other Wrist / Palm Dislocation/Fracture Split webbing Other Fingers Fractures Other Trunk Abd/Side strain Other Back Lumbar stress fracture Other Groin/Hip Ham / Quad Knee Ligament Other Shin /Ankle / Foot Stress fracture Sprains Other 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 2 1 0 0 0 3 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 Total 13 5 5.0 Discussion The prevalence of injuries in Scottish cricket players both international and domestic over a season was ascertained in this study. Players in Scotland do not feature in as many matches over a season as players from places like Australia or India. As such, injury rates have not reached alarming proportions but the injury patterns and prevalence rates do show some similarities. The distribution of injuries according to anatomical site is similar to other studies, especially prevalence rate for lower limb fingers injuries. Bowling and fielding were recognised as major contributors for injury. Seasonal variations are also similar to a previous English study.10 The time lost due to injury as shown in the study is a concern. Proper injury prevention advice can help in avoiding injuries (most notable being those due to bowling). It is interesting to note that none of the domestic players had access to medical back up in the form of a doctor or a physiotherapist. Even at the international level only one player had a sports doctor to attend to his injuries. In summary, we identified a need for the provision of medical support to players for helping them to realise their full potential. An injury free player is more likely to perform to the best of his ability ensuring good performance of the team. A successful team in turn can attract sponsors thereby further enhancing the injury aspect of the game. A national database for cricket injuries within the confines of the Scottish government similar to the ACC or the SMAGG should be implemented. The ICC should look to help full as well as associate members in setting up injury prevention programs. The ICC should allocate funds and provide expertise in the form trained personnel for the same. Appointment of injury statisticians for recording of injury data in every first class, one day or twenty 20 match should be looked at. At the end of every match an injury report should be sent to the team management, the SNCL which in turn will pass it on to the ICC. This collection of data should be anonymised as much as possible to help safeguard players interests. 6.0 Methodological Limitations 6.1 Subjects The response we got for the questionnaire was not as good as expected. Unforeseen logistics and strategic problems due to prior commitment of the Scottish international team due to the World twenty 20 Cup and the domestic teams in the being busy in the final stages of the season hampered the feedback from the players. The selection of players from the elite level did serve the purpose of determining injury prevalence at the highest level. However, patterns of injury at the school and junior level need to be identified as well. 6.2 Procedural Since it was a retrospective study, the authenticity of injuries reported form memory by the players can be questioned. Injuries should ideally have been diagnosed and recorded by professional medical personnel like a physiotherapist or a sports doctor. Furthermore, this study looked into injuries over just one season. Having said so, this study can prove to be a pilot project on which future research can be based. 6.3 Statistical and Analytical We calculated prevalence of the different types of injuries. However, the study did not look into the incidence rates of different injuries. The incidence rates along with prevalence rates as done by some previous studies would have been a better reflection of injuries affecting professional cricketers in Scotland. 7.0 Future Research In the future, researchers should ideally look to conduct a prospective study over a number of years to identify the consistent injury patterns. Also, diagnosis and recording of injuries by professional medical staff with maintainence of an nationwide epidemiological injury database should be aimed at. Also, impact of provision medical support staff on improved performance of the players and the team as a whole needs to be looked into. 8.0 Reference List (1) Weightman D, Browne RC. Injuries in Eleven Selected Sports. Br J Sports Med 1975; 9(3):136-141. (2) Orchard J, James T, Alcott E, Carter S, Farhart P. Injuries in Australian cricket at first class level 1995/1996 to 2000/2001. Br J Sports Med 2002; 36(4):270-274. (3) Orchard JW, James T, Portus MR. Injuries to elite male cricketers in Australia over a 10-year period. J Sci Med Sport 2006; 9(6):459-467. (4) Foster D, John D, Elliott B, Ackland T, Fitch K. Back injuries to fast bowlers in cricket: a prospective study. Br J Sports Med 1989; 23(3):150-154. (5) Hardcastle P, Annear P, Foster DH, Chakera TM, McCormick C, Khangure M et al. Spinal abnormalities in young fast bowlers. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1992; 74(3):421-425. (6) Hardcastle PH. Repair of spondylolysis in young fast bowlers. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1993; 75(3):398-402. (7) Stretch RA. Cricket injuries: a longitudinal study of the nature of injuries to South African cricketers. Br J Sports Med 2003; 37(3):250-253. (8) Brasch R. How did sports begin? Sydney: Camberwell: Longman; 1971. (9) Van MW, Hlobil H, Kemper HCG. Incidence Severity Aetiology and Prevention of Sports Injuries A Review of Concepts. Sports Medicine 1992; 14(2):82-99. (10) Leary T, White JA. Acute injury incidence in professional county club cricket players (1985-1995). Br J Sports Med 2000; 34(2):145-147. (11) Mitchell R, Hayen A. Defining a cricket injury. J Sci Med Sport 2005; 8(3):357-358. (12) Orchard J, Newman D, Stretch R, Frost W, Mansingh A, Leipus A. Methods for injury surveillance in international cricket. J Sci Med Sport 2005; 8(1):1-14. (13) Stretch RA. The incidence and nature of injuries in first-league and provincial cricketers. S Afr Med J 1993; 83(5):339-342. (14) Stretch RA. The seasonal incidence and nature of injuries in schoolboy cricketers. S Afr Med J 1995; 85(11):1182-1184. (15) Finch CF, Elliott BC, McGrath AC. Measures to prevent cricket injuries: an overview. Sports Med 1999; 28(4):263-272. (16) Corrigan AB. Cricket injuries. Aust Fam Physician 1984; 13(8):558-9, 562. (17) Crisp T. Cricket: fast bowlers back and throwers shoulder. Practitioner 1989; 233(1469):790-792. (18) Stretch RA. Incidence and nature of epidemiological injuries to elite South African cricket players. S Afr Med J 2001; 91(4):336-339. (19) Belliappa PP, Barton NJ. Hand injuries in cricketers. J Hand Surg Br 1991; 16(2):212-214. (20) Bartlett RM, Stockill NP, Elliott BC, Burnett AF. The biomechanics of fast bowling in mens cricket: a review. J Sports Sci 1996; 14(5):403-424. (21) Bell PA. Spondylolysis in fast bowlers: principles of prevention and a survey of awareness among cricket coaches. Br J Sports Med 1992; 26(4):273-275. (22) Dennis R, Farhart P, Goumas C, Orchard J. Bowling workload and the risk of injury in elite cricket fast bowlers. J Sci Med Sport 2003; 6(3):359-367. (23) Dennis R, Farhart P, Clements M, Ledwidge H. The relationship between fast bowling workload and injury in first-class cricketers: a pilot study. J Sci Med Sport 2004; 7(2):232-236. (24) Engstrom CM, Walker DG. Pars interarticularis stress lesions in the lumbar spine of cricket fast bowlers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 39(1):28-33. (25) Bell P. Cricket: injury in long trousers. Br J Sports Med 1999; 33(3):151-152. (26) Jones NP, Tullo AB. Severe eye injuries in cricket. Br J Sports Med 1986; 20(4):178-179. (27) Abedin A, Chen HC. An uncommonly serious case of an uncommon sport injury. Br J Sports Med 2005; 39(8):e33. (28) Aburn N. Eye injuries in indoor cricket at Wellington Hospital: a survey January 1987 to June 1989. N Z Med J 1990; 103(898):454-456. Cover Letter for the Questionnaire An Audit of Injuries in Cricket in Scotland in the 2008 Season. With increased participation in cricket in Scotland, sports doctors and physiotherapists have become aware of a corresponding increase in cricket related injuries. Also, researchers worldwide have felt the need for a global injury incidence report to identify risk factors for subsequent designing and implementation of interventions for prevention of injuries. Some data regarding injuries in cricket is available from Australia, South Africa, England and the West Indies. However, epidemiological collection of data of injuries from the rest of the world is dismal, to say the least. In Scotland as well, there has never been any audit of injuries in cricket, time lost due to injuries, implementation of injury prevention program and provision of medical support to players. This audit aims to look at the type and prevalence of injuries that occurred over the 2008 season in cricket in Scotland, allowing an insight into the mechanisms of injury in cricket. We hope that this will assist the development of medical support and injury prevention programmes. This study would also contribute to a ‘World Injury Incidence Report to be undertaken in the near future. This audit is being conducted by the Department of Sport Exercise Medicine, University of Glasgow with the support of Cricket Scotland. We are grateful for your valuable time spent in answering the questionnaire. If you have any questions regarding the study or the questionnaire please do not hesitate to contact either: Questionnaire Do you play international cricket? Yes, Currently Previously No Please indicate the level of domestic cricket that you play in. SNCL Premier SNCL Div 1 SNCL Div 2 Other Does your club provide access to sports injury advice and treatment? Yes No