journalism Essay -- essays research papers fc

In old days men had the rack. Now they have the press. That is an improvement certainly. But still it is very bad, and wrong, and demoralising. Somebody - was it Burke? - called journalism the fourth estate. That was true at the time, no doubt. But at the present moment it really is the only estate. It has eaten up the other three. The Lords Temporal say nothing, the Lords Spiritual have nothing to say, and the House of Commons has nothing to say and says it. We are dominated by Journalism. The Soul of Man - Oscar Wilde Feudal society was traditionally divided into three "estates" (social classes). The "First Estate" was the Church (clergy - those who prayed). The "Second Estate" was the Nobility (those who fought - knights). It was common for aristocrats to enter the Church and thus shift from the second to the first estate. The "Third Estate" was the Peasantry (everyone else, at least under feudalism: those who produced the food which supported those who prayed and those who fought, the members of the First and Second Estates). These "estates" are defined primarily by what one does (as well as by the social class one is born into). The term 'fourth estate' is used today to refer to the mass media as a powerful watchdog in liberal democracy, revealing abuses of state authority and defending the democratic rights of citizens. The notion that the press is a great instrument of liberty providing a check on the abuse of government power – any power - is a central part of any political culture. "If people don't know about power and let their attention wander completely then those in power will take liberties". Andrew Marr, BBC's political editor Former editor of The Independent The main role of the press is to ensure transparency and accountability in the government’s dealings. The publisher of a newspaper is most often also the owner and is the papers top manager. If a chain or a large corporation owns the paper, the publisher represents the owner’s interests and ensures the business’s profitability. According to the News Writers Handbook, the owner’s opinion about the news of the day is usually echoed by the editorial page editor on the editorial page and on the op- ed page opposite the editorial. It is common for the editorial page editor to report directly to the publisher, and not the paper... ...t. The education editor reviews books and other education material that is to be used by students. "Perhaps the most urgent--and complex--task facing American education today is to figure out how to hold schools accountable for improved academic achievement. In this important new work, Helen Ladd†¦.. this book should be at the top of the reading list for anyone seriously interested in transforming the quality of American schools." Edward B. Fiske, Education Editor, The New York Times All the editors work together to produce a newsworthy newspaper. The sit in the newsroom and deliberate of the ethical principles and legal ramifications of running certain stories. They act as a checking system on one another and so help in upholding the philosophies of categorical imperative, hedonism, veil of ignorance, golden rule, golden mean and utilitatianism for the good of the newspaper and the greater good of the public. BIBLIOGRAPHY Rudin, Richard and Ibbotson, Trevor, Introduction to Journalism. Focal Press, 2002. Keeble, Richard Newspapers’ Handbook( Media Practices) Routledge, 1998. Frost, Chris, Reporting for Journalists. Routledge: Taylor and Francis Books Lt, 2001

Hepatitis Dates

Hepatitis Introduction to Health and Disease April 17, 2010 Hepatitis Introduction Hepatitis is a symptomatic infection that affects the liver. The most common types of Hepatitis virus are A, B, C, D and E. The history of hepatitis dates back to ancient times and the success of modern medicine have improved the prevention and treatment of most types of Hepatitis. The high risk groups include injectible drug users, hemodialysis patients, and those who have sexual contact with infected people. Hepatitis B and C are the leading cause of chronic liver disease and liver cancer in the United States. History History of Hepatitis is believed to go back as far as the ancient times. With today’s modern medicine scientists have discovered a major breakthrough in 1963 that identified a serum hepatitis known as Hepatitis B Virus (HBV). Ten years later, they found the cause of hepatitis infection and called it Hepatitis A Virus (HAV). In 1989, Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) was discovered. Hepatitis Delta Virus (HDV) was known in the 1970’s, but was better understood by scientists in the 1980-1990’s. Later the Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) was discovered in 1990. Etiology Hepatitis A (HAV) the least serious form and may develop as an isolated case of an epidemic. It is estimated that one out of every 3 people has been affected by HAV. Transmission of HAV is associated with close personal contact or contaminated food or water (Wilson, p. 13). Hepatitis B (HBV) is transmitted primarily by contact with infected blood, semen, and other bodily fluids. Injectable drug users, people with multiple sexual partners and homosexuals are at higher risk for contracting the B virus. Hepatitis B can severely damage a person’s liver, resulting in cancer (Nordqvist, 2009). Hepatitis C (HCV) is the most serious blood borne infection in the United States. The disease is often passed between drug users who share needles. People who are on dialysis and sexual contact are also at risk. The hepatitis virus is the leading cause of liver cancer and the most common reason for liver transplants (Wilson, 2005). Hepatitis D (HDV) is a defective virus that only if the people who are infected with Hepatitis B. The virus is transmitted through contact with infected blood, unprotected sex, and piercing of the skin with infected needles. The effects of HDV are more serious and progresses to chronic liver disease more frequently than virus A, B, or C. Hepatitis E (HEV) is the leading cause of epidemics around the world, but cases in the United States are rare. Primarily HEV is spread by fecal contaminated drinking water and there is no evidence that HEV progresses to chronic liver disease (Wilson, 2005). There have been no cases of HEV reported in the United States. Patients with Hepatitis A and B typically experience sudden unset of fever, malaise and fatigue, nausea and abdominal pain. Anorexia and jaundice may also be present. Hepatitis C is less forgiving as symptoms may not appear until the patient’s condition has progressed to cirrhosis or cancer (Neighbors & Tannehill-Jones, 2006). Populations affected by Hepatitis In the United States approximately 1. 2 million are living with Hepatitis B and 3. 2 are living with Hepatitis C. Estimated 25,000 people become infected with Hepatitis A. Many people do not know the virus infection exist in the body (CDC, 2009). The Center for Disease Control (2009) estimates 180 million people over the world is infected with HCV, of which four million are identified as cases in the United States. Each year 26,000 cases of HCV are diagnosed in the United States alone, and 10,000 to 12,000 deaths are contributed to HVC (Centers for Disease Control [CDC], 2009, p. 1). The hepatitis virus is the leading cause of liver cancer and the reason for liver transplants. In the United States approximately 1. 2 million are living with Hepatitis B and 3. 2 are living with Hepatitis C. Estimated 25,000 people become infected with Hepatitis A. Many people do not know the virus infection exist in the body (CDC, 2009). Treatment In July of 1982 the Hepatitis B vaccine was approved for use and thirteen years later (1995) the HAV vaccine was approved for use. These significant scientific breakthroughs have led a steady decline in the number of HAV and HBV cases in the United States. There is not a vaccine available for HCV but scientists are working hard to develop one. In addition to the vaccines some treatment options are available. HAV usually resolves itself and no specific treatment is needed. Treatment for HBV is Interferon which slows the progress of the disease in about 40% of patients (Neighbors & Tannehill-Jones, 2006). In addition to treating HBV Interferon is very effective for treating HCV. This antiviral slows the disease process about 30% of the time (Neighbors & Tannehill-Jones, 2006). There is not an effective treatment for HDV or HEV. Treatment for end stage cirrhosis or cancer caused by hepatitis may result in a liver transplant. Conclusion Hepatitis is a disease that causes an inflammation of the liver. There are several viruses that cause cirrhosis or cancer of the liver. Hepatitis A is a mild disease that typically resolves itself. The hepatitis B virus is more severe than A and less severe than C. The availability of vaccines for Hepatitis A and B has decreased the number of cases while Hepatitis C continues to infect high risk populations. Scientists continue to strive for a cure for Hepatitis C but in the meantime a people need to be aware of the disease and take steps the reduce the possibility of exposure. References Centers for Disease Control. (2009). Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Retrieved from http://www. cdc. gov/mmwr/PDF/ss/ss5803. pdf Neighbors, M. & Tannehill-Jones, R. (2006). Viral diseases acquired through alimentary and other routes. In Human diseases (pp. 201-203). Retrieved from https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content/eReader. aspx Nordqvist, C. (2009,  April). What is Hepatitis? Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment. Medical News Today, (), Retrieved April 13, 2010 from http://www. medicalnewstoday. com/articles/145869. php Wilson, T. (2005). The ABCs of hepatitis. Th e Nurse Practitioner, 30(6), 12-18. Retrieved from Retrieved from CINAHL Plus with Full Text database.

Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X Icons for the Civil...

Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X were two individuals who not only helped the African-American plight during the Civil Rights Movement, but served as icons to the history of their race. Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X grew up in very different environments. King Jr. came from a middle class family where education was a significant value in his home life. Malcolm X, on the other hand, was raised in a foster home after his father’s murder and his mom was put into a mental institution. He was a self-taught individual who did not receive much in the way of a formal education. He grew as a leader with his motivation, intelligence and determination. However, both men were fierce advocates for civil rights and consider their blackness†¦show more content†¦Malcolm X was pessimistic. He thought that equality between white and black people was impossible because whites had no moral conscience. Whereas King’s goal was for whites and blacks to live together in pe ace, X sought equality through forced acceptance. He believed that if everything was done through force he may be able to cause a revolt in society, allowing blacks a chance to earn their freedom, with muscle not mind. So, while their dreams were delivered in different styles, their purpose was the same. Malcolm wanted to revolt. He believed that non-violence and integration was a trick from the white man to keep the blacks under control. Trough his speeches, Malcolm X encouraged his followers to rise up and fight for their rights. Due to the childhoods of both of these men they react the way they do. It is sad to learn about how difficult it was for African-Americans to endure all the struggles they had to face to become free. In today’s society life is still hard, and racism is still around. However, we still manage to unite and live in peace with equal rights for both races. In King’s speech, I Have a Dream, he asks black people to never forget their dreams. King ex plains that in the eyes of God, black people are as good as any other race and they should be treated that way: â€Å"I have a dream that one day every valley will be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low,Show MoreRelatedA Research on The Civil Rights Movement1448 Words   |  6 Pagesabout the Civil Rights Movement (Martin Luther King Jr. Vs Malcolm X) and will be focusing on two important icons that have an important part of African American History. I am going to further discuss in this research paper, â€Å"What were the views of Martin Luther King. Jr and Malcolm X during the Civil Rights movement? What were their goals and methods to achieve equality and peace?† Both leaders wanted to unite the black race with the white race and achieve equal rights. Martin Luther King. Jr and MalcolmRead MoreCivil Rights Activists: Martin Luther King Jr., Malcom X, and Huey Newton1223 Words   |  5 Pages American icon and former civil rights activist Mar tin Luther King Jr. once said, I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character. This quote speaks volumes about the message that he is trying to convey towards society regarding racism. He is basically saying not to judge others just because of their skin color, but love them for who they are. We should not beRead MoreMartin Luther King’s Quest for Equality1340 Words   |  5 PagesEquality Martin Luther King Jr. had a substantial impact on how the United States views civil rights. During his lifetime, Martin became highly educated and used his knowledge to help others in a positive way. King was not only an influential leader of the Civil Rights Movement, but also a catalyst and a leading figure of the 1960s. His leadership and practices still live on today, and the Civil Rights Movement wouldnt have been nearly as successful without his leadership and guidance. Dr. King pushedRead MoreComparing The Life And Leadership Of Dr. Martin Luther King And Malcolm X1764 Words   |  8 PagesThe Civil Rights Movement was a critical event that is important in African American History. From the 1950’s to the mid 1960’s, civil rights activists and leaders rose up across the nation to fight for equal rights and against discrimination. Even local citizens such as Rosa Parks, took a stand against segregation on public transportation. Others also participated in sit-ins inside diners for whites only. Although people expressed the need for equality, many efforts were shot down. Things beganRead MoreEssay on The Civil Rights Movement: Malcolm X1135 Words   |  5 PagesDuring the Civil Rights Movement, there was a famous leader whose protests were peaceful and non-violent. That man was Martian Luther King Jr., but many people have never heard of another Civil Rights leader. Even though his protests were different than King’s protests, he did his part and help with equality. This man was Malcolm Little, more famously known as Malcolm X. After a rough upbringing, Malcolm X led protests that differed which ended with his assassination. His protesting didn’t startRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Jim Crow Laws1712 Words   |  7 Pages The years leading up to the 1960’s were ones full of worldly and civil unrest. Wars raged, blood spilled, and many lives were lost. However, these wars weren’t always fought across continents and countries. Some were fought internally, without involving assault rifles or trenches. The war I’m speaking did involve two sides, but not Axis and Union. This war dealt with racial segregation and hatred among races . This movement sprouted all the way from the roots of slavery and the oppression of thoseRead MoreComparing the Beliefs of Martin Luther King and Malcolm X Essay1782 Words   |  8 PagesComparing the Beliefs of Martin Luther King and Malcolm X By April 1968, two of the worlds most remembered civil rights leaders, who fought for a difference in black America, had been assassinated. Despite their different beliefs and their different ways of promoting this message, they both had the same goal in mind; to promote black respect and pride. The visionary and angry voices of Martin Luther King Jr., and Malcolm X together transformed theological thinking in Read MoreEssay about Martin Luther Kings Speech in Jobs and Freedom962 Words   |  4 PagesMartin Luther Kings Speech in Jobs and Freedom Martin Luther King’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech was presented during the ‘Jobs and Freedom’ March, which was held on 28th August, 1963 near the Lincoln Memorial in Washington. The march was supported by over 250 000 people and was a great success. About one third of the crowd was white. That day several speeches were delivered however, Martin Luther King’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† was and still is one of the most powerful and movingRead MoreThe 1960s Of The 1960 S3175 Words   |  13 Pagesincluding civil rights for African Americans. A lot of attention was brought towards the south in the United States, where many contempt African Americans were tired of racism and denied their basic human rights. Unfortunately, despite the countless protests and loud civil rights movement, little has changed in contemporary America. Today we see a similar movement arise from the newer generation protesting racism and police brutality against black people, particularly black males. Both movements are ledRead MoreCivil Rights Leaders3949 Words   |  16 PagesCivil Rights The civil rights movement was a worldwide political movement for equality before the law occurring between approximately 1950 and 1980. In many situations it took the form of campaigns of civil resistance aimed at achieving change by nonviolent forms of resistance. In some situations it was accompanied, or followed, by civil unrest and armed rebellion. The process was long and tenuous in many countries, and many of these movements did not fully achieve their goals although, the efforts

Pressure To Use Steroids Essay examples - 859 Words

We all have seen a bodybuilders physic, whether it was in a magazine, the media, or in the gym. As we despise their freakish look we still wish that we had a body like them. But the reason we don’t look like that is because we know that the long term effects of steroids in will damage our bodies. Steroids have been a common use throughout human history since 1889. The fact that it’s illegal doesn’t seem to bother many users. Generations today are more reliant on this drug for various reasons, without realizing the consequences and long term effects that can result. Steroids are a way of cheating to reach your goals. Steroids are addictive, and over a short period of time they destroy the liver as well as the kidneys, affect personalities,†¦show more content†¦Steroids can be taken in numerous ways, they can be taken by injection, rubbing on the skin, or just taking a small pill form. The results of taking steroids can be quite dangerous or worse fatal. All anabolic steroid use that is not regulated properly nor properly prescribed by a licensed physician is often known as abusing steroids. Steroids contain very powerful hormones that can be extremely dangerous. They can cause numerous amounts of health problems, and some which could have long term ramifications. Today it is very common to over use steroids. Body building is a prime example of steroid abuse. All of the following are effects from abusing steroids. Firstly the common side effect is acne. Steroid acne is a skin condition that follows the use of hormones. For the most part acne usually occurs on the chest, but, it can also occur on the bum, neck, arms, and even on the back. Many adults and teens who take moderate or high doses of steroids way over a seven week period become more pronged to catching steroid acne. The average acne that we are use to is nothing like steroid acne. The acne resulted by abusing steroids often occur as fairly large and red bumps, that cause extreme itchiness, and are often pustular. The second most common effect is problems in the organs. Steroids conflict with just about every organ in our body, but the most common organs are problems with the liver and heart. Steroids can be very dangerous to the liver especially when taken in aShow MoreRelatedSteroids And Its Effects On Sports781 Words   |  4 Pagesheard people use terms such as â€Å"roiding†, â€Å"doping†, and â€Å"juicing†. These terms refer to using steroids. With the benefits of steroid use, comes major health issues. As a result of steroid use, there has been an increase of physical irregularities and stunted growth. Steroids have a negative reputation due to past events involving health issues and cheating in sports. Steroids can be taken a few different ways, such as injection or ingestion. There are also countless types of steroids that come inRead MoreAnabolic Steroids And Its Effects On The Growth Of Muscle Essay1137 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract An anabolic steroid is a synthetic steroid hormone that resembles testosterone in promoting the growth of muscle (NIDA 2004). Many athletes for difference reason use Anabolic Steroids and risk the potential of causing bodily harm/medical issues. There are many anabolic, androgenic effects, and risks. When you continue to negatively use this kind of drug to succeed life threatening consequences come into effect. ..(needs more context ) â€Æ' Introduction In many states and surrounding countriesRead MoreAnabolic Steroids Should Be Banned Essay1118 Words   |  5 PagesAn anabolic steroid is a synthetic steroid hormone that resembles testosterone in promoting the growth of muscle (NIDA 2004). Anabolic Steroids are taken by many athletes, whether male or female and can harm the body. There are many anabolic, androgenic effects, and risks. When you continue to negatively use this kind of drug to succeed life threatening consequences come into effect. ..(needs more context ) â€Æ' Introduction In many states and surrounding countries athletes are using what are labeledRead MoreAnabolic Steroids Should Be Banned1348 Words   |  6 PagesSteroids, more specifically anabolic steroids, are drugs that can be legally prescribed or taken illegally, to boost strength and increase athletic performance. They are based off of the hormone testosterone. On the street where the drug is sold illegally, the common slang names are â€Å"arnolds†, â€Å"gym candy†, â€Å"pumpers†, â€Å"roids†, â€Å"stackers†, â€Å"weight trainers†, and â€Å"juice†. Steroids have a long, long history, especially in regards to sporting events. Anabolic steroids were not really used worldwide untilRead MorePerformance Enhancing Drug Abuse1511 Words   |  7 PagesPartnership for Drug – Free Kids, more than five percent of teens use performance enhancing drugs, or steroids increase muscle. Performance enhancing drug abuse creates addiction, the mental tension and pressure that coaches and peers bring to inferior athletes this draws teens and athletes to engage in these products, further encouraging teens to partake in the use of performance enhancing drugs, with long-term and short-term use leading to insufferable effects, like kidney failure, depression andRead MoreThe Use Of Steroid Use Used On Recreational Activities910 Words   |  4 PagesThe use of steroids in recreational activities has many consequences on those who take the risk and use steroids. The writer of this paper takes a stand against the use of steroids because of the ma ny negative aspects of them. Steroids have a very great number of physical and mental repercussions. Steroids come in different ways, and each has a different purpose, just as each has a different repercussion. After examining this paper, readers should be more informed about the life threatening risksRead MoreThe Negative Effects of Steroid Use754 Words   |  3 PagesSteroids can affect an athlete’s physical health. Developing breasts from steroid use is very common. Breasts develop because when high doses of steroids are used for prolonged periods, they shut down certain hormones such as testosterone. Studies show that estrogen is what causes breast tissue growth; progesterone needs to be available in order to keep breast size down. Shrunken testicles can also occur because when a person uses steroids, they introduce a new hormone from outside their body atRead MoreEssay about Consequences of Performance Enhancing Drugs1509 Words   |  7 Pageshis back and shoulders, up per body muscle mass, weight gain, and uncontrollable rage and irrational, Rob continued to hold back his use on performance enhancing drugs. His parents did not suspect any abuse at first because Rob always determined about not wanting to jeopardize his mental capacity and health. The first time his parent’s learned about him taking steroids was when he went into the hospital for his first admission. Rob was put into a three nine week cycle in a period of two years. TheRead MoreThe Effects Of Drug Abuse On Sports779 Words   |  4 Pagesin sports. I have found many topics to talk about and the first one I have chosen to write about is steroids in sports. I wanted to choose this topic because I’m a very athletic person myself and I thought that this topic is perfect for me, I found my research on www.health.ny.gov/publications/1210/ and from here this is how I got all my information from. Many athletes now a days are taking steroids, why is that? Is it to make a squad, or impress a member of the opposite sex? There really isn tRead MoreGood Looks Over Health? Essay1541 Words   |  7 Pages Good Looks over Health? What exactly is an anabolic steroid? It is a performing enhancement drug that increases the levels of testosterone and growth of skeletal muscles in the body (Gething 235). It seems like everyone’s dream drug, right? If a person takes this, they will become enormous and look as good as they always dreamed of. But what most people did not know is that steroids cause a lot of damage to the body as well. Not only do they harm a person physically, but they confuse them psychologically

Market Structure Analysis in Tanzania - 5537 Words

Market structures Analysis- Term Paper INTRODUCTION Generally the concept of market structures can be essential to marketing and economics. Both emphasize the environment in which these companies operate and its importance it has on strategic decision making. Economics is more concerned about the degree of market competition and the pricing strategies of these firms. Marketing, on the other hand, concentrates its focus on consumer behaviour. Basically there are four major market structures – perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, duopoly and monopoly. Market Structures categorize companies based on different characteristics like the number of sellers in the overall market, the kind of product, market share,†¦show more content†¦Simultaneously with the industrialization, the development of industry, capital investment and increased productivity and know how the first barriers to entry were established. However, these were still relatively low as the process of industrialization was still in its early stages. Also increased international trade and increased interdependence took place, due to growing demand for natural resources, such as coal and oil. Hence a shift in the factors of production took place. Before the factors of production were mainly based on human and natural resources, afterwards physical resources in form of industry add on to this. Thus the high degree of sovereignty co uld not be sustained anymore, and the belief in the mercantilist idea started to erode. Nearly two decades after they were introduced structural adjustment policies continue to dominate public policy agenda in most African countries. In Tanzania structural adjustment programs dates back to early 980s following a period of sustained deterioration in social and economic conditions. A combination of internal and external factors contributed to systematic decline in manufacturing output and competitiveness. The stage of oligopolyShow MoreRelatedBuilding A Department Of Natural Resources And Environmental Management1143 Words   |  5 Pagesdevelopment initiatives in post-conflict Liberia. The views of these participants, particularly those from Liberia, will also set the structure of the Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management. This data will also be used to determine whether or not it is plausible to establish such a department in Liberia. I will travel to Liberia, Guinea, and/or Tanzania using Guinea’s co-management of forest resources as a case study or Tanzania’s forest conservation group’s strategies that were usedRead MoreThe Organizational Structure Of Gtbank International Organization1274 Words   |  6 Pages Organization Structure GTBank is structured as a multi-divisional and partially decentralized organization; see Exhibit 2 for organizational structure chart. Accordingly, each geographical region would be headed by a divisional head, which would be required to operate with a degree of autonomy over that region. All such divisional managers would report directly to the Managing Director, who in turn reports to the Board of Directors. Further down the line, each geographical region is sub-dividedRead MoreConsumer Rights Protection Policies And Consumer Protection Policy Essay3437 Words   |  14 PagesIn Tanzania consumer rights protection came during the era of low commodity production, consumers faced a problems in terms of goods that were imported and exported, hence it became necessary to have laws to protect the consumers. It is vivid that consumer protection goes hand in hand with the laws on competition. There is feasible convergence linking the objectives of competition policy and consumer protection policy . But that does not mean consumer protection should be disregarded. Market playersRead MoreAnalysis of the General Environement of Bakhresa Group of Companies4003 Words   |  17 PagesSYNOPSIS This report looks at the market forces involved in the influence of the Bakhresa Group of Companies expansion in the East African region and beyond. The report considers the position of the company in relation to its environment at this current time and offers possible solutions to its growth possibilities. It has grown out of the need for a strategic look of the company at this time of global change and seeks to find out what the position of the company will be in the future. 1.0 INTRODUCTIONRead Moreunemployment Insurance policy2255 Words   |  10 Pagespeople around the globe, the situation has forced various countries to either formulate or adopt some policies to rectify the issue. The magnitude of the issue has practically depicted in the research conducted in 2012 by African Economic Outlook in Tanzania, the study which aimed at assessing various programs and policies in various sectors and their contribution to Gross Domestic Product, in improving economy, and unemployment reduction. According to African Economic Outlook 2012 unemployment is becomingRead MoreCan Banana Value Chain Help Eliminate Hunger in Uganda and Tanzania?2510 Words   |  11 PagesIn this study we assess the potential role that the banana value chain can play in reducing poverty and eliminating hunger among rural and urban poor in Uganda and Tanzania. We provide a comprehensive analysis of banana consumption and productivity in the two countries and we scope the challenges and opportunities for providing more efficient and enhanced production and marketing focusing on smallholder enterprises along the commodity value chain. To undertake this study we extensively reviewedRead MoreMichael Poters Frame Work2560 Words   |  11 PagesMobile phone Industry of Tanzania 1 2.0 .PORTER’S FIVE FORCES FRAMEWORK MODEL, PFFF 1 2.1. Degree of rivalry among existing firms. 2 2.2. Threat of substitute Products or Service. 3 2.3. Threats of new entrants 4 2.4 Bargaining power of buyers/Customers. 5 2.5. Bargaining power of Suppliers 5 2.6. Mapping the Porter’s Five Forces Model in the Mobile Industry in TANZANIA. 5 3.0. CONCLUSION. 7 4.0.REFERENCE 8 ABSTRACT The Mobile Phone industry of Tanzania has been growing veryRead MoreComparative Analysis of Commercial Banks Liquidity Position: the Case of Tanzania4861 Words   |  20 Pageswww.ccsenet.org/ijbm International Journal of Business and Management Vol. 7, No. 10; May 2012 134 ISSN 1833-3850 E-ISSN 1833-8119 Comparative Analysis of Commercial Banks Liquidity Position: The Case of Tanzania Xuezhi Qin1 Dickson Pastory1 1 School of Business Management, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China Correspondence: Dickson Pastory, School of Business Management, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China. Tel: 86-188-4268-6991. E-mail: passtory1@yahoo.co.uk Read MoreStrategic Corporate Communication in Vodacom2673 Words   |  11 PagesStrategic Corporate Communication is supported by a detailed research plan. Corporate communication is now making its entrance in Tanzania though it claims historical links to the field of Public Relations. The core functions of corporate communications are more similar to those of Public Relations though they differ a bit. This paper is going to examine the Vodacom Tanzania company, to see how they implement Strategic corporate communication techniques and make the company the so successful in mobileRead MoreSub Saharan African Countries Have Experienced Macro Economic Growth3429 Words   |  14 Pageseconomic growth. The growth rate per annum averaged 5.2% over the past decade between 2000 and 2011 (Kulundu, 2013). The growth rate has outpaced Middle East, Latin America and Eastern Europe after being the slowest growing region for many years. In Tanzania, the growth rate averaged 6.8% from 2005 to 2011. It was ranked 1st in East Africa and 8th in sub Saharan Africa. In 2014 the GDP was expected to grow by 7.2% and continue growing at annual averaged rate of 7.7% in medium term (MOF, 2014). Ifzal

The Impact of Climate Change Free Essays

In the last few years there has been a lot of attention given to the problem of climate change. Usually we only hear vague ideas about how the Earth is heating up, how we are all going to die and that we are to blame. However climate change is a natural process that experts have said has been sped up by human activity, for example, industrial activities, vehicles and machines producing gases like carbon dioxide and methane. We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of Climate Change or any similar topic only for you Order Now These gases are damaging because of how the Sun’s rays heat up the Earth. The rays from the Sun enter the atmosphere, hitting the Earth’s surface with most being reflected back without heating up the Earth at all. The ones that are absorbed by the sea and the ground are reflected back as infrared rays therefore heating up the Earth. However as more CO2 and other â€Å"greenhouse gases† are pumped into the atmosphere, fewer and fewer of the Sun’s rays are reflected away, hence the rising temperatures. Although there is debate over the largest contributor to the climate change problem that is not my focus for this essay. In this essay I intend to show how climate change would affect the world’s water; that is to say 70% of the Earth’s surface. The most talked about point in the media about the effect of climate change on water is the sea level. This is because as the Earth heats up the seas and oceans will absorb a lot of the heat causing the water molecules to expand and the sea level to rise. Another possible factor that contributes to the rising sea levels is the melting of the glaciers, ice shelves and ice sheets and this has another effect. As there is less and less ice to reflect back the sun’s rays as ice reflects back 90% of the light that hits it while water absorbs the same percentage, this speeds up the warming of the earth even more and as more and more ice melts the problem worsens. There are many inter-linking consequences to the rising sea levels and of global warming. Droughts, floods and even the danger of the Gulf Stream, the warm water current that heats up our region, shutting down. The idea of flooding because of rising sea levels is self-explanatory. As there is more water, rivers, lakes and streams could break their banks and flood. The possibility of the Gulf Stream shutting down is more complicated and will have a much more lasting effect. The Gulf Stream works through a mixture of wind, water salinity and temperature, the shape of the ocean floor and the Earth’s rotation. As temperatures continue to fall and more sea ice melts, this adds more fresh water to the Atlantic, reducing the salinity of the water. As there is less dense and less salty water, the Gulf Stream slows down. As it does slow down and weaken it will become more and more unstable and more likely to shut down altogether, lowering temperatures in our region by up to 9oC. Fortunately there are things we can do to help the climate change problem. Saving energy lowers the amount of fossil fuels that are needed to produce that energy and the less coal, oil and gas being burned in power plants, the lower the emissions of carbon dioxide. Saving energy can be a simple matter, such as switching off lights when you leave a room, having showers instead of baths, and turning down central heating systems, even 1oC can save up to 10% on energy bills. One of the most effective ways of helping is properly insulating your home as this reduces the energy needed to heat your home. The second most important greenhouse gas, methane is produced by landfill waste, which comprises 90% of the UK’s sixteen million tonnes of waste each year. If we recycle more and more of this waste then there is less need to mine for raw materials and less methane being produced as there is less landfill waste. Two hundred years ago, if we produced the same amount of carbon dioxide as we did now, it probably would not have had any major effect, as there was not the same level as deforestation. The reason this would have made a difference is because trees take in carbon dioxide and produce oxygen. Although the effects of climate change won’t be felt for years, we owe it to the future generations to save, if not our planet, our way of life. How to cite The Impact of Climate Change, Papers

Hemophilia Essay Example For Students

Hemophilia Essay IntroductionHemophilia is a rare genetic blood clotting disorder that primarily affects males. People living with hemophilia do not have enough of, or are missing, one of the blood clotting proteins naturally found in blood. Two of the most common forms of hemophilia are A and B. In persons with hemophilia A (also called classic hemophilia), clotting factor VIII is not present in sufficient amounts or is absent. In persons with hemophilia B (also called Christmas disease), clotting factor IX is not present in sufficient amounts or is absent. People with hemophilia do not bleed more profusely or bleed faster than normal; they bleed for a longer period of time. Virtually all people who have hemophilia A or B are born with it. The majority of people with hemophiliahave a family history (it is a hereditary disorder). In as many as 30% of cases, there is no family history of hemophilia. In these cases, the mother may not be aware that she carries the gene for hemophilia, or a gene mutation may have occurred spontaneously. A long historyHemophilia was identified as early as biblical times. Doctors in medieval times were familiar with it as well. In 1803, a Philadelphia doctor published the first description of hemophilia in the United States. But it was not until 30 years later that hemophilia became widely recognized. Hemophilia laterdeveloped a reputation as the royal disease because it passed from Queen Victoria of England to her descendants throughout the royal houses of Europe. Who Gets Hemophilia?Hemophilia occurs when the gene to produce clotting factor does not work correctly. Without the proper amount of clotting factor, bleeding occurs easily. Hemophilia is an inherited disorder in about two thirds of the cases. About one third ofthe cases of hemophilia occur due to spontaneous changes in the gene or mutations. The presence of a mutated gene may not be noted until a woman with no family history of hemophilia has a son with the disorder. The gene for hemophilia is carried on the X chromosome. The gene for hemophilia isalso recessive. This is why hemophilia is referred to as an X-linked recessive disorder. If there is not a normal gene present to offset the defective, recessive gene, thedisorder will be present. Whether or not a child will have hemophilia or be a carrier forthe disorder depends on the status of the mother and of the father. The figure belowshows how this type of disorder is inherited. Males have an X chromosome and an Y chromosome. The X chromosome comes fromthe mother and the Y chromosome comes from the father. If the mother has adefective gene, the sons chance of having hemophilia is 50%, depending on which Xchromosome is inherited. A son cannot inherit the disorder from his father, even if thefather has hemophilia. Females have two X chromosomes. One X chromosome comes from the mother andone comes from the father. All daughters of men with hemophilia will be carriers. Carriers rarely have the disorder but are able to pass the defective gene to theiroffspring. The daughter also has a 50% chance of becoming a carrier if the mother is acarrier, depending on which X chromosome is inherited. In most cases, one of the daughters two X chromosomes is normal. Most femaleswith a gene for hemophilia do not have symptoms of the disorder because a normalgene offsets any problems caused by the one that is defective. In some cases,however, the normal gene cannot offset the problem completely and the female willhave low factor levels. When factor levels are low, the female can show symptoms ofhemophilia such as excessive menstrual bleeding and excessive bleeding afterchildbirth, surgery and dental work. Hemophilia occurs in about 1 of every 7,500 males. Of these, about 90% of cases areFactor VIII Deficiency (Hemophilia A) and 9% are Factor IX Deficiency (Hemophilia B). About 1% of hemophilia cases is due to deficiencies of Factor XI, X, VII or V. What are the Symptoms of Hemophilia?Hemophilia is a disorder of the blood clotting system. Because blood does not clotwhen it should, patients experience frequent and excessive bleeding. The degree towhich bleeding occurs depends in part on the severity of the disorder. Patients canhave severe, moderate or mild hemophilia. A hallmark of severe hemophilia is spontaneous bleeding. In these cases, bleedingoccurs without any recognizable trauma. Bleeding can occur in any part of the body. However, spontaneous bleeds are unusual in the joints of the fingers, wrists, feet andspine. Spontaneous bleeds are most common in the knees, ankles, elbows andshoulders. Repeated bleeding into the joints is called hemarthrosis. - Philosophy Free Term Papers, Book Reports,s, And Research EssayPlatelet count: This test counts the number of blood platelets. This test is normal forpatients with hemophilia. Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT): This test diagnoses problems withFactor VIII and Factor IX. Almost 100% of patients with severe and moderate FactorVIII deficiency can be diagnosed with an APTT. Diagnosis of mild cases variesdepending on the type of materials used in testing the blood sample. Most carrierscannot be diagnosed with an APTT. The test measures the length of time that it takesfor a blood clot to form. The activated partial thromboplastin time is longer than normalfor patients with Factor VIII Deficiency (Hemophilia A) and Factor IX Deficiency(Hemophilia B). Factor assay: This is the most exact test to diagnose the type of hemophilia. A factorassay can distinguish between a Factor VIII deficiency and a Factor IX deficiency. Adding normal serum to the patients serum will correct the abnormal APTT test resultfor Factor IX deficiency. Adding normal plasma to the patients serum will correct theabnormal APTT test result for Factor VIII deficiency. How Blood ClotsTo understand inhibitors, it helps to know how blood normally clots. When blood starts to flow out of a damaged blood vessel, the process is called coagulation. Coagulation is the bodys way of sealing a leak. The seal, or clot, consists of red and white blood cells and platelets, which cling to threadlike material called fibrin. Tweleve clotting factors must work in sequence to produce wnough fibrin to make a strong clot. The coagulation process can be compared to a domino effect(figure 1) . Each clotting factor in the blood must activate the next one in the series in order to form a clot. When there is an insufficient amount of any one of these cloting factors, the process stops permatuerly, interrupting the production of fibrin. In most people with Hemophilia, replacement clotting factor can compensate for the deficient clotting factor, enabling the clotting process to continue. For people with inhibitors, replacement factor may be inactivated befor it ahs a chance to work. Antihemophilic FactorAnitemophilic factor (human) Method M monoclonal purified monarc-M is a sterile, nonpyogenic, dried preparation of anti hemophilic factor( factorVIII, factorVIII:C AHF) in concentrated form with a specific activity rang of 2 to 15 AHF international units/mg of total protein. When reconstituted with the appropriate volume of diluent, it contains approximatly 12.5 mg/ml Albumin(human), 1.5 mg/ml polythylene glyo; (3350), 0.055 M histidine and 0.03 M glycine as stabilizing agents. In the absencs of the addes Albumin(human), the specific activity is approximately 2,000 AHF internationsl Units/mg of proteain. It also contains, per AHF international Units, not more tahn 0.1 ng mouse protein, 18 ng organic solvent (tri-n-butyl phosphate) and 50 ng detergent (octoxynol 9)Monarc-M is perpared by the method M process from pooled human plasma by immunoaffinity chromatography utilizing a murine monoclonal antibody to factor VIII:C, flollowed by an ion exchane chromatographc step for further purification. Monarc-M also includesan organic solvent (tri-n-butyl phosphate) and detergent (octoxynol 9) virus inactivation step designed to reduce the risck of transmiting of hepatitis and other viral disases. However, no procedure has been shown to be totally effictive in removing the viral infectivity fron coagulation factor products. Monarc-M can ONLY be administered intravenosly and takes approxmiatly 12-14 hours befor the factor begins to work and the cloting factor in the blood is brought up. After 24-28 hours after that the factor is wiped out of the blood, befor this time the Factor is leaving the blood it is at this time that ALL of the factor is gone, and the person rezooms there blood cloting factor in there blood. Factor Survivla RateClotting factor normally circulaes at constant levels in the blood and only works when an injury occurs. Whne clotting factor replacmnet is given with factor concentrate, fresh frozen Plasma or cryoperecipitate, the factor only survives for a short time. Its different for every Hemophiliac. Your hemotologist can find out by doing a test called a factor Survivlal or Recovery. For factor VIII, Half of the dose given will be used up in 4 Hours, in another 8, it will again be reduced by half and so on untill it is all used up. Factor IX, given as plasma or factor IX concentrate, usually last a littal longer. Factor survival studies are not usually needed for everyday treatment, but befor major surgery we ofen ike patients to be tested. Blood samples are draw befor and after the administration of the clotting factor. this helps us decide on the dose of factore necessary for control of bleeding following surgery. Words/ Pages : 2,242 / 24